Table 1.
Description and Interpretation of Included Risk Scores
| Thromboembolic Risk Score |
Reference | Risk Factors Included | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|
| CHADS2 | Gage, 200135 | Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age ≥75, Diabetes mellitus, prior Stroke/transient ischemic attack [2 points] | Low (0), moderate (1-2), high (3-6) |
| CHA2DS2-VASc | Lip, 201037 | Congestive heart failure/left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40%, Hypertension, Age ≥75 [2 points], Diabetes mellitus, prior Stroke/transient ischemic attack/thromboembolism [2 points], Vascular disease, Age 65–74, Sex category female | Low (0), moderate (1), high (2-9) |
| Framingham | Advancing age, female sex, increasing systolic blood pressure, prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, and diabetes | ||
| ABC | Hijazi, 201693 | Age, Biomarkers (cTnI-hs and NT-proBNP), and Clinical history (prior stroke/TIA) | Low <1%, moderate 1%-2%, high >2% |
| Bleeding Risk Score |
Reference | Risk Factors Included | Interpretation |
| ABC | Hijazi, 201693 | Age, biomarkers [GDF-15, cTnT-hs, and haemoglobin], and clinical history [previous bleeding] | Low <1%, medium 1-2%, high >2% |
| ATRIA | Fang, 201176 | Anemia, renal disease (CrCl <30) (3 points each); age ≥75 (2 points); any prior bleeding, hypertension (1 point each) | Low (0-3), moderate (4), high (5-10) |
| BRI | Beyth, 1998109 | Age ≥65, GI bleed in past 2 weeks, previous stroke, comorbidities (recent MI, hematocrit <30%,diabetes, creatinine >1.5), with 1 point for presence of each condition and 0 if absent | Low (0), moderate (1-2), high (3-4) |
| HAS-BLED | Pisters, 20109 | Hypertension, abnormal renal (CrCl <50) or liver function (1 point each); stroke, bleeding history or predisposition, labile INR (TTR <60%), age >65, drugs of interest/alcohol (1 point each) | Low (0), moderate (1-2), high (≥3) |
| HEMORR2HAGES | Gage, 200679 | Liver/renal disease, ethanol abuse, malignancy, age >75, low platelet count or function, re-bleeding risk, uncontrolled hypertension, anemia, genetic factors (CYP2C9), risk of fall or stroke (1 point for each risk factor present with 2 points for previous bleed) | Low (0-1), moderate (2-3), high (≥4) |
ABC=age, biomarkers, clinical history; ATRIA=Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation; BRI=Bleeding Risk Index; cTnT-hs=high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T; CrCl=creatinine clearance; GDF=growth differentiation factor-15; GI=gastrointestinal; HAS-BLED=Hypertension, Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke, Bleeding history or predisposition, Labile international normalized ratio, Elderly (> 65 years), Drugs/alcohol concomitantly; HEMORR2HAGES=Hepatic or renal disease, Ethanol abuse, Malignancy, Older (age >75 years), Reduced platelet count or function, Re-bleeding risk (2 points), Hypertension (uncontrolled), Anemia, Genetic factors, Excessive fall risk, Stroke; INR=international normalized ratio; MI=myocardial infarction; TTR=time in therapeutic range