Fig. 2.

Case–control vs stratified model example with adult autism and mentalizing ability. This figure reports data from Lombardo et al. [25] on two independent datasets of adults with autism and performance on an advanced mentalizing test, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). a (Discovery), b (Replication) Case–control differentiation and the standardized effect size for each dataset are shown. c–f RMET scores and standardized effect sizes from the same two datasets after unsupervised data-driven stratification into five distinct autism subgroups and four distinct TD subgroups. Autism subgroups 1–2 are highly impaired on the RMET, while autism subgroups 3–5 are completely overlapping in RMET scores with the TD population