Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to quintiles of high- and low-pesticide-residue fruit and vegetable intake.
| Quintile of High-Pesticide-Residue Fruit and Vegetable Intake |
Quintile of Low-Pesticide-Residue Fruit and Vegetable Intake |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Quintile 1 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 5 | Quintile 1 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 5 |
| Nurses’ Health Study (1998) | ||||||
| Number of participants | 13,305 | 13,199 | 13,115 | 13,150 | 13,153 | 13,127 |
| High-pesticide-residue FVs (servings/d) | 0.5(0.2) | 1.3(0.1) | 3.1(1.1) | 0.9(0.7) | 1.5(0.8) | 2.3(1.2) |
| Low-pesticide-residue FVs (servings/d) | 1.4(0.9) | 2.2(1.0) | 3.1(1.4) | 0.8(0.3) | 2.0(0.2) | 4.1(1.1) |
| Total FVs (servings/d) | 2.5(1.2) | 4.5(1.3) | 7.6(2.3) | 2.4(1.1) | 4.5(1.1) | 7.7(2.2) |
| Age (y) | 63.5(7.3) | 63.6(7.0) | 63.5(6.8) | 63.7(7.3) | 63.4(7.0) | 63.4(6.8) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8(5.5) | 26.7(5.2) | 26.2(5.1) | 26.8(5.4) | 26.6(5.2) | 26.3(5.2) |
| White (%) | 97.3 | 97.7 | 97.4 | 97.1 | 97.7 | 97.3 |
| Physical activity (MET/wk) | 18.0(78.5) | 22.5(75.2) | 28.7(69.6) | 19.2(78.7) | 22.0(71.7) | 27.2(69.0) |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 28.0 | 27.7 | 28.7 | 28.8 | 29.0 | 27.6 |
| Family history of MI (%) | 20.0 | 19.9 | 20.9 | 20.3 | 20.1 | 20.4 |
| Current smoker (%) | 17.9 | 9.6 | 5.5 | 15.7 | 9.3 | 7.7 |
| Premenopausal (%) | 6.1 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.1 |
| Current menopausal users (%) | 43.8 | 47.6 | 48.5 | 45.2 | 48.3 | 48.0 |
| Baseline hypertension (%) | 42.3 | 41.8 | 40.0 | 40.7 | 41.6 | 42.7 |
| Baseline hypercholesterolemia (%) | 55.8 | 55.8 | 54.0 | 56.1 | 56.1 | 54.8 |
| Baseline diabetes (%) | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 7.7 | 6.8 | 5.6 |
| Multivitamin supplement use (%) | 63.0 | 68.5 | 71.9 | 63.8 | 67.4 | 70.7 |
| Current aspirin use (%) | 50.2 | 54.0 | 52.7 | 48.8 | 52.9 | 54.4 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1467(481) | 1718(495) | 2010(537) | 1410(457) | 1711(466) | 2090(533) |
| Alcohol intake (g/d) | 4.9(9.9) | 5.2(9.2) | 4.8(8.2) | 4.4(9.2) | 5.2(9.3) | 5.4(9.0) |
| Modified AHEI (score)* | 37.9(8.4) | 39.2(8.5) | 40.9(8.7) | 41.4(8.7) | 38.8(8.5) | 37.8(8.0) |
| Nurses’ Health Study II (1999) | ||||||
| Number of participants | 16,186 | 16,251 | 16,011 | 16,021 | 16,045 | 16,039 |
| High-pesticide-residue FVs (servings/d) | 0.4(0.1) | 1.2(0.1) | 2.9(1.2) | 0.7(0.6) | 1.3(0.8) | 2.2(1.3) |
| Low-pesticide-residue FVs (servings/d) | 1.2(0.8) | 1.9(0.9) | 3.0(1.5) | 0.7(0.2) | 1.8(0.1) | 3.9(1.2) |
| Total FVs (servings/d) | 2.0(1.0) | 3.7(1.2) | 7.0(2.4) | 1.9(1.0) | 3.8(1.1) | 7.0(2.4) |
| Age (y) | 43.6(4.7) | 44.0(4.6) | 44.4(4.6) | 43.9(4.7) | 44.0(4.7) | 44.2(4.6) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.1(6.6) | 26.3(6.1) | 25.9(5.8) | 26.9(6.5) | 26.3(6.1) | 26.0(5.9) |
| White (%) | 95.8 | 96.8 | 96.5 | 95.5 | 97.0 | 96.1 |
| Physical activity (MET/wk) | 14.0(19.4) | 20.1(26.4) | 28.5(31.6) | 15.7(21.8) | 20.0(24.5) | 26.5(32.1) |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 25.4 | 24.4 | 24.5 | 25.1 | 24.4 | 24.0 |
| Family history of MI (%) | 21.0 | 20.0 | 20.4 | 20.7 | 20.4 | 20.1 |
| Current smoker (%) | 13.4 | 8.5 | 5.7 | 12.2 | 8.4 | 6.5 |
| Premenopausal (%) | 77.9 | 78.1 | 76.9 | 76.9 | 77.9 | 77.6 |
| Current menopausal hormone users (%) | 10.5 | 10.6 | 11.1 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 10.6 |
| Oral contraceptive use | ||||||
| Never user(%) | 11.9 | 13.2 | 14.8 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 14.7 |
| Current user (%) | 8.9 | 9.2 | 8.3 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 8.3 |
| Past user (%) | 79.2 | 77.6 | 77.0 | 78.3 | 78.1 | 77.0 |
| Baseline hypertension (%) | 14.0 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.8 | 12.4 | 13.9 |
| Baseline hypercholesterolemia (%) | 26.7 | 24.6 | 23.6 | 26.4 | 24.2 | 23.6 |
| Baseline diabetes (%) | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.0 |
| Multivitamin supplement use (%) | 50.4 | 57.5 | 63.5 | 50.8 | 57.9 | 63.5 |
| Current aspirin use (%) | 17.1 | 16.9 | 17.6 | 16.9 | 16.6 | 17.6 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1547(513) | 1813 (522) | 2128(556) | 1470(477) | 1807(492) | 2217(544) |
| Alcohol intake (g/d) | 3.5(7.8) | 4.1(7.3) | 4.2(6.9) | 3.3(7.3) | 4.0(7.1) | 4.3(7.2) |
| Modified AHEI (score)* | 36.9(8.9) | 38.4(9.4) | 40.8(9.8) | 39.9(9.2) | 38.5(9.6) | 37.5(9.3) |
| Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1998) | ||||||
| Number of participants | 4,864 | 5,035 | 4,923 | 4,876 | 4,865 | 4,869 |
| High-pesticide-residue FVs (servings/d) | 0.5(0.2) | 1.4(0.1) | 3.3(1.3) | 1.0(0.8) | 1.5(0.9) | 2.4(1.4) |
| Low-pesticide-residue FVs (servings/d) | 1.6(1.0) | 2.4(1.1) | 3.4(1.6) | 0.9(0.3) | 2.2(0.2) | 4.5(1.3) |
| Total FVs (servings/d) | 2.7(1.2) | 4.7(1.4) | 8.1(2.5) | 2.6(1.2) | 4.7(1.2) | 8.2(2.5) |
| Age (y) | 61.6(8.6) | 62.8(8.7) | 64.2(8.7) | 62.1(8.6) | 62.9(8.7) | 63.1(8.7) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.3(3.6) | 26.2(3.6) | 25.7(3.5) | 26.2(3.5) | 26.0(3.5) | 25.9(3.6) |
| White (%) | 95.1 | 95.8 | 96.1 | 95.5 | 96.0 | 95.4 |
| Physical activity (MET/wk) | 26.2(33.1) | 35.0(39.1) | 47.3(46.6) | 28.6(35.3) | 35.2(38.1) | 44.8(45.5) |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 21.7 | 22.7 | 21.8 | 21.7 | 22.4 | 22.0 |
| Family history of MI (%) | 14.8 | 15.5 | 14.8 | 13.7 | 15.4 | 14.4 |
| Current smoker (%) | 8.2 | 4.3 | 2.3 | 7.4 | 4.4 | 3.0 |
| Baseline hypertension (%) | 34.4 | 33.4 | 30.9 | 32.5 | 32.8 | 33.0 |
| Baseline hypercholesterolemia (%) | 46.5 | 44.8 | 42.8 | 44.6 | 45.1 | 42.6 |
| Baseline diabetes (%) | 5.1 | 4.8 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 5.5 | 5.2 |
| Multivitamin supplement use (%) | 55.4 | 59.4 | 62.6 | 55.6 | 59.6 | 62.9 |
| Current aspirin use (%) | 62.8 | 62.6 | 62.1 | 61.9 | 64.2 | 62.6 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1746(558) | 1993(582) | 2309(642) | 1679(528) | 1987(548) | 2395(636) |
| Alcohol intake (g/d) | 12.0(16.4) | 11.3(14.2) | 9.9(12.5) | 11.1(15.4) | 11.4(14.1) | 10.6(13.0) |
| Modified AHEI (Score)* | 32.0(8.2) | 34.4(7.9) | 38.0(8.4) | 35.0(8.7) | 34.4(8.3) | 35.3(8.0) |
Values are means (SD) or percentages. All variables except age are age-standardized.
Abbreviations: Modified AHEI, Modified Alternate Healthy Eating Index score; BMI, body mass index; METs: metabolic equivalent tasks; FV: fruits and vegetables; MI: myocardial infarction.
*
Modified AHEI: AHEI-2010, excluding criteria for intakes of fruits and vegetables and alcohol.
METs are defined as the ratio of caloric needed per kilogram of body weight per hour of physical activity divided by the caloric needed per kilogram of body weight at rest.