Table 3.
Hazard ratios (95% CI) of coronary heart disease according to quintiles of high- and low-pesticide-residue fruit and vegetable intake.
| Quintiles of High-Pesticide-Residue Fruit and Vegetable Intake | P, trend | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | |||
| NHS | Median (servings/d) | 0.49 | 0.90 | 1.28 | 1.71 | 2.53 | |
| Person-years | 163,052 | 168,372 | 168,367 | 170,853 | 171,688 | ||
| Cases | 455 | 377 | 364 | 328 | 329 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1 (Ref.) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.93) | 0.78 (0.68, 0.89) | 0.71 (0.62, 0.82) | 0.73 (0.64, 0.85) | <.0001 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted*† | 1 (Ref.) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.08) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) | 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.85, 1.24) | 0.70 | |
| NHS II | Median (servings/d) | 0.36 | 0.75 | 1.11 | 1.56 | 2.40 | |
| Person-years | 222,919 | 219,637 | 221,323 | 221,398 | 221,412 | ||
| Cases | 122 | 96 | 101 | 86 | 82 | ||
| Age-adjusted1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.77 (0.59, 1.01) | 0.79 (0.61, 1.03) | 0.67 (0.51, 0.88) | 0.63 (0.48, 0.83) | 0.0007 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted*† | 1 (Ref.) | 0.92 (0.68, 1.23) | 1.08 (0.78, 1.49) | 1.01 (0.71, 1.45) | 1.03 (0.69, 1.55) | 0.77 | |
| HPFS | Median (servings/d) | 0.50 | 0.92 | 1.30 | 1.78 | 2.71 | |
| Person-years | 57,663 | 58,371 | 58,830 | 58,689 | 59,403 | ||
| Cases | 298 | 292 | 270 | 255 | 252 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1 (Ref.) | 0.92 (0.78, 1.08) | 0.81 (0.69, 0.96) | 0.75 (0.63, 0.89) | 0.70 (0.59, 0.83) | <.0001 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted *† | 1 (Ref.) | 1.11 (0.94, 1.32) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.30) | 1.10 (0.90, 1.34) | 1.10 (0.88, 1.38) | 0.54 | |
| Pooled | Multivariable-adjusted*†§ | 1 (Ref.) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.15) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.14) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.21) | 0.45 |
| Quintiles of Low-Pesticide-Residue Fruit and Vegetable Intake | P, trend | ||||||
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | |||
| NHS | Median (servings/d) | 0.99 | 1.69 | 2.22 | 2.83 | 3.84 | |
| Person-years | 163,820 | 168,196 | 169,571 | 170,034 | 170,710 | ||
| Cases | 444 | 398 | 350 | 317 | 344 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1 (Ref.) | 0.87 (0.76, 0.99) | 0.75 (0.65, 0.86) | 0.66 (0.57, 0.77) | 0.74(0.64, 0.85) | <.0001 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted*‡ | 1 (Ref.) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.12) | 0.87 (0.74, 1.03) | 0.82 (0.69, 0.98) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.12) | 0.23 | |
| NHS II | Median (servings/d) | 0.72 | 1.39 | 1.95 | 2.59 | 3.71 | |
| Person-years | 221,140 | 221,415 | 221,391 | 221,364 | 221,379 | ||
| Cases | 116 | 105 | 89 | 88 | 89 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1 (Ref.) | 0.90 ( 0.69, 1.17) | 0.73( 0.55, 0.96) | 0.69 (0.52, 0.91) | 0.70 (0.53, 0.92) | 0.001 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted*‡ | 1 (Ref.) | 0.96 (0.72, 1.28) | 0.82 (0.59, 1.14) | 0.82 (0.57, 1.18) | 0.81 (0.54, 1.21) | 0.22 | |
| HPFS | Median (servings/d) | 1.11 | 1.85 | 2.44 | 3.13 | 4.31 | |
| Person-years | 57,457 | 58,735 | 58,766 | 59,004 | 58,995 | ||
| Cases | 329 | 274 | 267 | 264 | 233 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1 (Ref.) | 0.78(0.66, 0.91) | 0.73 (0.62, 0.85) | 0.69 (0.59, 0.81) | 0.58(0.49, 0.69) | <.0001 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted*‡ | 1 (Ref.) | 0.84(0.71, 1.00) | 0.83 (0.69, 1.00) | 0.79 (0.65, 0.97) | 0.69 (0.55, 0.87) | 0.003 | |
| Pooled | Multivariable-adjusted*ठ| 1 (Ref.) | 0.92 (0.83, 1.02) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.95) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.92) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.94) | 0.001 |
Abbreviations: NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; NHS II, Nurses’ Health Study II; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study.
Adjusted for age (years), ethnicity (white/non-white), body mass index (BMI) (<23, 23 to 24.9, 25 to 29.9, 30 to 34.9, ≥35 kg/m2), physical activity (<3, 3 to <9, 9 to <18, 18 to <27, ≥27 metabolic equivalents/week), smoking status (never, past, current), family history of diabetes (yes/no), family history of myocardial infarction (yes/no), history of hypertension (yes/no), history of diabetes (yes/no), history of hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), postmenopausal hormone use ( premenopausal/never/past/current, in NHS and NHS II), oral contraceptive use (never/past/current user, in NHS II), current vitamin use (yes/no), current aspirin use (yes/no), alcohol (0, 0.1 to 4.9, 5 to 14.9, ≥15 g/day), total energy intake (quintiles) and Alternate Healthy Eating Index score excluding criteria for intake of fruits and vegetables and alcohol (quintiles).
Additionally adjusted for intakes of low-pesticide-residue fruits and vegetables (quintile) and other fruits and vegetables with undetermined residues (quintile).
Additionally adjusted for intakes of high-pesticide-residue fruits and vegetables (quintile) and other fruits and vegetables with undetermined residues (quintile).
Results were combined with the use of the fixed-effect model.