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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Behav Immun. 2019 Jun 5;81:151–160. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.008

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

M. vaccae prevents fear extinction resistance and enhances both between-session and within-session extinction of conditioned fear in male rats. (A) Between-session fear-potentiated startle (FPS) extinction, measured on Days 1-6 and spontaneous recovery of fear measured on Day 20, starting 36 days after fear conditioning (FPS extinction training). (B) Within-session extinction of conditioned fear measured on Days 1-6 and spontaneous recovery of fear, measured on Day 20. Data are presented as means ± standard error of means (SEMs). Data were analyzed using (A and B), linear mixed model (LMM) analysis with fixed effects of M. vaccae and day, with block nested within day; post hoc pairwise comparisons were made using Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) tests for between-subjects comparisons and paired t-tests for within-subjects comparisons. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, between-subjects effects; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, within-subjects effects. A) between-session fear extinction on Days 1-6, and spontaneous recovery of fear on Day 20; B) within-session fear extinction between the first 6 and last 6 (CS−/AS+) trials within the session. Sample sizes (N = 24, vehicle, n = 12; M. vaccae, n = 12).