Table 3.

Latent Variables Correlations between Verbal Fluency, Executive Functions, Vocabulary, and Nonverbal Cognitive Ability

	General Fluency	Semantic- Specific	Common EF	Updating -Specific	Shifting- Specific	Vocabulary
Age 17
General Fluency	1
Semantic-Specific	-	1
Common EF	0.43	-0.03	1
	[.28, .58]	[−.19, .14]
Updating-Specific	0.48	0.28	-	1
	[.33, .64]	[.12, .44]
Shifting-Specific	-0.18	0.39	-	-	1
	[−.33, −.03]	[.21, .57]
Vocabulary	0.57	0.32	0.32	0.54	0.05	1
	[.47, .66]	[.23, .40]	[.20, .44]	[.40, .67]	[−.07, .16]
Nonverbal Cognitive Ability	0.40	0.30	0.48	0.27	-0.14	0.39
	[.32, .48]	[.20, .40]	[.38, .57]	[.13, .39]	[−.26, −.02]	[.31, .46]
	General Fluency	Semantic- Specific	Common EF	WM- Specific		Vocabulary
Age 56
General Fluency	1
Semantic-Specific	-	1
Common EF	0.41	0.18	1
	[.31, .50]	[.05, .32]
WM-Specific	0.33	-0.04	-	1
	[.24, .42]	[−.17, .09]
Vocabulary	0.50	0.22	0.59	0.34	-
	[.44, .56]	[.14, .31]	[.49, .68]	[.24, .43]
Nonverbal Cognitive Ability	0.35	0.26	0.72	0.11	-	0.68
	[.27, .42]	[.15, .36]	[.62, .82]	[.00, .22]		[.61, .75]

Note: Significant correlations are displayed in bold (p < .05). All constructs were measured with latent variables except nonverbal cognitive ability in adolescents (i.e., WAIS performance IQ). 95% confidence intervals are presented in brackets. Models fit the data well at both waves, χ²(80)=188.03, p<.001, RMSEA=.041 for adolescents, χ²(82)=134.64, p<.001, RMSEA=.022 for middle-aged adults.