Table 4.

Regression Analyses Involving Executive Functions, Vocabulary, and Nonverbal Cognitive Ability

	Common EF	Updating-/ WM-Specific	Shifting- Specific	Vocabulary	Nonverbal Cognitive Ability	R2
Age 17
General Fluency	0.32	0.32	-0.19	0.29	0.02	0.50
	[.15, .49]	[.14, .50]	[−.34, −.04]	[.14, .44]	[−.09, .14]
Semantic-Specific	−0.21	0.13	0.39	0.25	0.40	0.43
	[−.43, .00]	[−.09, .35]	[.17, .60]	[.08, .43]	[.24, .57]
Age 56
General Fluency	0.29	0.23	-	0.34	−0.12	0.33
	[.12, .46]	[.13, .31]		[.21, .46]	[−.30, .06]
Semantic-Specific	−0.01	−0.08	-	0.19	0.19	0.11
	[−.27, .24]	[−.22, .06]		[.01, .38]	[−.05, .42]

Note: Standardized regression coefficients and their 95% confidence intervals are reported. In these regression models, fluency factors were included as dependent variables with correlations among all independent variables (EF factors, vocabulary, nonverbal cognitive ability), except correlations among EF factors were fixed to zero by definition (e.g., Common EF and WM-Specific at age 56). Correlations among independent variables were identical to those from the correlational models (Table 3). All constructs were measured with latent variables except nonverbal cognitive ability in adolescents (i.e., WAIS performance IQ). Significant regression coefficients are displayed in bold (p < .05).

^aindicates Updating-Specific at age 17 but Working Memory-Specific at age 56.