Table 1.
Clinical variables of the 126 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with or without metabolic syndrome.
| Variables | All participants (n = 126) | No metabolic syndrome (n = 42) | Metabolic syndrome (n = 84) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62.43 ± 12.32 | 60.83 ± 14.11 | 63.23 ± 11.32 | 0.306 |
| Height (cm) | 161.48 ± 8.51 | 162.86 ± 7.70 | 160.80 ± 8.85 | 0.201 |
| Body weight (kg) | 70.11 ± 13.51 | 62.94 ± 8.75 | 73.69 ± 14.07 | <0.001∗ |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.77 ± 3.94 | 23.68 ± 2.45 | 28.32 ± 3.63 | <0.001∗ |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89.98 ± 9.57 | 82.25 ± 7.45 | 93.85 ± 8.07 | <0.001∗ |
| Body fat mass (%) | 31.74 ± 7.56 | 25.48 ± 6.13 | 34.88 ± 6.13 | <0.001∗ |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 141.65 ± 20.38 | 128.76 ± 15.09 | 148.10 ± 19.66 | <0.001∗ |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82.73 ± 10.92 | 76.33 ± 8.91 | 85.93 ± 10.45 | <0.001∗ |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 163.19 ± 30.10 | 158.40 ± 25.99 | 165.58 ± 31.83 | 0.208 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 121.00 (85.00–183.75) | 89.50 (58.50–112.25) | 136.50 (101.75–217.00) | <0.001∗ |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 46.56 ± 12.16 | 51.10 ± 13.46 | 44.30 ± 10.83 | 0.003∗ |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 101.18 ± 26.71 | 96.50 ± 23.50 | 103.52 ± 28.02 | 0.165 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 137.50 (121.00–173.50) | 124.00 (115.50–151.75) | 142.00 (127.00–182.75) | 0.004∗ |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 7.40 (6.60–8.90) | 6.90 (6.30–7.80) | 7.85 (6.80–9.15) | 0.005∗ |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 16.00 (12.00–18.00) | 15.00 (12.00–18.00) | 16.00 (12.00–18.75) | 0.175 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0. 90 (0.70–1.00) | 0.90 (0.70–1.00) | 0.90 (0.70–1.00) | 0.466 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 85.47 ± 25.64 | 94.80 ± 28.59 | 80.80 ± 22.80 | 0.003∗ |
| UACR (mg/g) | 15.81 (7.15–105.63) | 7.95 (4.66–18.33) | 25.31 (9.81–190.83) | <0.001∗ |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 7.01 (3.25–13.62) | 3.65 (1.81–6.17) | 9.78 (5.08–18.02) | <0.001∗ |
| HOMA-IR | 2.40 (1.14–4.98) | 1.18 (0.77–1.95) | 3.63 (1.91–6.77) | <0.001∗ |
| FGF21 (pg/mL) | 192.69 (109.82–283.48) | 141.45 (66.16–227.56) | 218.95 (139.80–325.63) | <0.001∗ |
| Women (n, %) | 47 (37.3) | 12 (28.6) | 45 (53.6) | 0.008∗ |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 66 (52.4) | 11 (26.2) | 55 (65.5) | <0.001∗ |
| Statin use (n, %) | 60 (47.6) | 15 (35.7) | 45 (53.6) | 0.058 |
| Fibrate use (n, %) | 8 (6.3) | 1 (2.4) | 7 (8.3) | 0.196 |
| Metformin use (n, %) | 69 (54.8) | 19 (45.2) | 50 (59.5) | 0.126 |
| Sulfonylureas use (n, %) | 70 (55.6) | 21 (50.0) | 49 (58.3) | 0.375 |
| DDP-4 inhibitor use (n, %) | 77 (61.1) | 23 (54.8) | 54 (64.3) | 0.301 |
| Thiazolidinedione use (n, %) | 5 (4.0) | 2 (4.8) | 3 (3.6) | 0.747 |
| Insulin use (n, %) | 30 (23.8) | 12 (28.6) | 18 (21.4) | 0.375 |
Values for continuous variables are given as means ± standard deviation and are tested by Student's t-test. Variables that are not normally distributed are given as medians and interquartile range and are tested by Mann–Whitney U test. Values are presented as number (%), and analysis was done using the chi-square test. HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; DDP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4. ∗P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.