Table 4.
Distribution of β-lactamase and bla genes in Gram-negative bacteria.
| β-lactamases | Sampling site | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | A | B | C | D | E | |||||||
| DS n (%) | WS n (%) | DS n = 19 n (%) | WS n = 19 n (%) | DS n = 12 n (%) | WS n = 22 n (%) | DS n = 19 n (%) | WS n = 30 n (%) | DS n = 15 n (%) | WS n = 5 n (%) | DS n = 15 n (%) | WS n = 12 n (%) | |
| Broad-spectrum β-lactamase | 1 (1.3) | 17 (19.8) | — | 3 (3.5) | 1 (1.3) | 12 (14) | — | — | — | 1 (1.2) | — | 1 (1.2) |
| ESBL | 14 (17.5) | 31 (36) | 1 (1.3) | 11 (12.8) | 2 (2.5) | 3 (3.5) | 6 (7.5) | 15 (50) | 4 (5) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.2) |
| AmpC | 21 (26.3) | 5 (5.8) | 7 (8.9) | 1 (1.2) | 4 (5) | 1 (1.2) | 4 (5) | — | 1 (1.3) | — | 5 (6.3) | 3 (3.5) |
| Carbapenemase | 36 (45) | 24 (27.9) | 10 (12.5) | 3 (3.5) | 3 (3.8) | — | 10 (12.5) | 15 (50) | 7 (8.8) | 1 (1.2) | 6 (7.5) | 5 (5.8) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| bla genes | ||||||||||||
| bla TEM-1 | 39 (48.8) | 36 (41.9) | 11 (13.8) | 6 (7) | 4 (5) | 14 (16.3) | 9 (11.3) | 9 (10.5) | 9 (11.3) | 4 (2.3) | 6 (7.5) | 3 (3.5) |
| bla CTX-M-9 | — | 24 (27.9) | — | 6 (7) | — | 9 (10.5) | — | 4 (2.3) | — | 3 (3.5) | — | 2 (2.3) |
| bla AmpC | 9 (11.3) | 25 (29.1) | 1 (1.3) | 3 (3.5) | 3 (3.5) | 10 (11.6) | 2 (2.5) | 7 (8.1) | — | 4 (2.3) | 3 (3.8) | 1 (1.2) |
| bla IMP-1 | — | 38 (44.2) | — | 7 (8.1) | — | 17 (19.8) | — | 6 (7) | — | 5 (5.8) | — | 3 (3.5) |
| bla VIM-2 | 47 (58.8) | 35 (40.7) | 10 (12.5) | 4 (2.3) | 8 (10) | 15 (17.4) | 14 (17.5) | 9 (10.5) | 6 (7.5) | 5 (5.8) | 9 (11.3) | 2 (2.3) |
Wastewater treatment plant (A), rainwater channel (B), Canal Sur (C), water treatment plant “Puerto Mallarino” (D), and Melendez River (E). DS: dry season, WS: wet season. blaTEM-1p=0.567∗ and 0.024ψ; blaCTXM-9p=0.573ψ; blaAmpCp=0.189∗ and 0.008ψ; blaIMP-1p=0.000ψ; blaVIMP-2.