FIGURE 2.

Comparison of rates of Positively Phrased Instructor Talk at the category level across eight courses. The rates of Positively Phrased Instructor Talk (average number of instances per hour across class sessions) were measured for each of the eight instructors in the whole-course analysis (black bars) and for the two instructors in the original Instructor Talk study (gray bars; Seidel et al., 2015) for (A) total Positively Phrased Instructor Talk, (B) Building the Instructor/Student Relationship, (C) Establishing Classroom Culture, (D) Explaining Pedagogical Choices, (E) Sharing Personal Experiences, and (F) Unmasking Science. Error bars represent SEM.