Table 1.

Different vehicles used in various ivermectin formulations in animals.

Composition of the formulation	Route of administration	Animal understudy	References
Stabilized aqueous formulation containing 0.1-7.5% w/v ivermectin (Parenteral administration) with other components such as surface active agent – 0.5-2.5% (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoisostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, and polysorbate 80). Cosolvent – 10-60% (glycerol formal, glycerin, and polyethylene glycol) and Substrate – 1-5% w/v (benzyl alcohol, lidocaine, parabens, and choline)	Parenteral and Oral	-	[32]
Oral administration of bolus containing ivermectin which is released by an osmotic pump	Oral	Cattle	[33]
Controlled release capsule administered orally using a specially designed balling gun which is formulated to deliver ivermectin for approximately 100 days at the rate of 1.6 mg/day	Oral	Sheep	[34,35]
Ivermectin is delivered using intraluminal controlled-release capsule	Intraluminal	Sheep	[36]
Subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of a novel oil-based formulation of ivermectin was found to be superior to the commercially available standard preparation	Subcutaneous and Intramuscular	Cattle	[37]
Formulation using silicone as a carrier that releases ivermectin over a long period of time. The lateral side of a cylindrical matrix-type formulation composed of ivermectin and silicone was used to produce a CR formulation	Subcutaneous	In vitro and In vivo (Mice)	[38]
Subcutaneous administration of ivermectin-loaded Poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic) acid microparticles was found to be an effective long-term ivermectin formulation	Subcutaneous	Dog	[39]
Zein microspheres 600 mg zein (plant protein isolated from corn) and 60 mg ivermectin were dissolved in 12 ml ethanol (66.7%). To this, 8 ml of ultrapure Milli-Q water was added and mixed using an agitator and tableted microspheres (Compressing 220 mg of microspheres containing ivermectin using a mold) were used for sustained-release of ivermectin	Oral	In vitro	[40]
Ivermectin was dissolved in a mixture of propylene glycol and glycerol formal at a ratio of 60:40 v/v that also contains 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone	Subcutaneous	Goat	[41]
Subcutaneous administration of ivermectin containing multilamellar liposomal vesicles made by distearoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and distearoylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine-polyethylene glycol5000 (DSPE-PEG5000) at the molar ratio of 1.85:1:0.15, respectively	Subcutaneous	Rabbit	[42]
Intravenous administration of ivermectin formulation containing propylene glycol: glycerol formal (60:40 v/v) containing 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone	Intravenous	Sheep	[28]
Commercially available ivermectin (3.15%) long-acting preparations (Ivomec Gold®, Merial) showed extended absorption process and long systemic persistence	Subcutaneous	Cattle	[43]
Sustained release solid dispersion was prepared by mixing ivermectin and hydrogenated castor oil which were further suspended in water to make an aqueous suspension that can be given subcutaneously	Subcutaneous	Sheep	[44]
Topical ivermectin formulations containing 1, 0.5, and 0.25% ivermectin were used that contains deionized water, olive oil USP, surfactants, shea butter, sorbitan tristearate, methylparaben, and propylparaben	Topical	In vitro	[45]
Ivermectin-loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolide) and poly (D, L-lactide) based microparticles were produced, which were used as sustained release parenteral ivermectin formulation	Parenteral	In vitro	[7]
In situ forming implants that acted as sustained-release formulation of ivermectin were prepared from biodegradable polymers such as poly (D, L-lactide) and biocompatible solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, triacetin, and benzyl benzoate	Implants	In vitro	[46]
Fast-dissolving oral films containing ivermectin were administered orally. This method of oral drug delivery was found to be effective for long-term studies	Oral	Mice	[47]
Sterile biodegradable microparticulate drug delivery systems containing ivermectin which are based on PLA and PCL that can be used for subcutaneous administration	Subcutaneous	In vitro	[48]
Whole-body bathing method was used to deliver ivermectin to the skin without entering the plasma. The bath fluid contained ivermectin at a concentration of 100 ng/ml. This was found to be a more effective drug delivery system for the skin	Topical	Rat	[49]
Implant (silicone-CR formulation) is made up of two concentric silicone cylinders. The outer cylinder is a silicone impermeable membrane and the inner cylinder contains silicone along with a mixture of ivermectin, deoxycholate sodium, and sucrose	Subcutaneous	Rabbit	[50]
Ivermectin nanoemulsion (Cremophor EL® -35-26 parts, Transcutol® HP – 12 parts, ethyl oleate – 7 parts, ivermectin – 2 parts, and water – 53 parts) was evaluated for transdermal drug delivery and was found to be stable and effective in transdermal delivery of ivermectin	Transdermal	In vitro	[51]
Nanocarriers for the delivery of ivermectin using lipid nanocapsules which are prepared by a new phase inversion procedure	Subcutaneous	In vitro and In vivo (Wistar rats)	[52]
Ivermectin-loaded Soy phosphatidylcholine-sodium deoxycholate mixed micelles were administered subcutaneously to improve the aqueous solubility of ivermectin. They produced less local irritation when compared to commercially available preparations	Subcutaneous	Rabbit	[26]
Sustained-release ivermectin-loaded solid lipid dispersion was prepared in a lipid matrix of hydrogenated castor oil and was administered subcutaneously	Subcutaneous	Rabbit	[53]
SLNs were used as a vehicle for transdermal delivery of ivermectin. The SLNs were produced by hot homogenization combined with the ultrasonic method	Transdermal	In vitro	[54]
Sustained-release ivermectin varnish composed of 0.72 g of ivermectin, 3.6 g of amino methacrylate copolymer, 0.7 g of polyethylene glycol, and 2.15 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose per 100 ml of absolute ethanol	Topical	Zoo-housed animals	[55]
Sustained-release ivermectin-loaded solid dispersion suspension was formulated which was used in the therapeutic management of Psoroptes cuniculi infestation	Subcutaneous	Rabbit	[56]
Topical application of Palmitoyl-glycine-histidine gel spray formulations of ivermectin (0.1%), which was prepared from its aqueous solution by a heating and cooling method	Topical	Rat	[57]
Ivermectin bolus formulation containing 8% microcrystalline cellulose, 0.5% starch, and 0.25% low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose produced sustained-release of the drug for more than 60 days	Oral	In vitro	[58]
Ivermectin formulation containing self-emulsifying vehicles, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose and poloxamers, was administered orally	Oral	Horse	[59]
Mixture of ivermectin and a-Tocopherol-loaded microparticles based on poly-D, L-lactide or poly-e-caprolactone together with sucrose and magnesium stearate were compressed to produce biodegradable subcutaneous implants	Subcutaneous implant	In vitro	[60]
Transdermal release of ivermectin using self-implanted tiny needles of hyaluronic acid encapsulated with ivermectin-poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles	Transdermal implant	In vitro and In vivo (Rats)	[61]

CR=Covered-rod, SLNs=Solid lipid nanoparticles, PLA=Poly (D, L-lactide), PCL=Poly (ε-caprolactone)