Figure 1. Study Design.

Sources of data for analysis included study-level data from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Birth Gene (CHARGE-BIG) Study (49 studies, n = 180 056 participants) and summary-level data from the Diabetes Genetics Replication and Meta-analysis (DIAGRAM) Consortium (n = 149 821 participants),¹⁷ the Meta-analyses of Glucose and Insulin-Related Traits (MAGIC) Consortium (n = 133 010 participants),^{18,19,20,21,22} and the Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium (n = 153 781 participants).^13,23 HbA_1c indicates hemoglobin A_1c; and SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism.

^aEstimates of 7 SNPs for birth weight were extracted from the EGG Consortium (n = 69 308 participants).²³

^bEstimates of 43 SNPs for birth weight were extracted from the EGG Consortium (n = 153 781 participants).¹³