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Cycling performance comparisons of symmetrical cells using a Li@Cu (orange), Li@CF (blue), and Li@PCSF composite anode (red) under a current density of a) 2 mA cm−2 and c) 4 mA cm−2 with a fixed capacity of 1 mAh cm−2. b,d) Comparison of voltage hysteresis of the Li plating/stripping with current densities of 2 and 4 mA cm−2. e) Detailed voltage profiles of the 1st, 100th, 200th, and 350th at current density of 4 mA cm−2, respectively.
