Table 1.
Patient demographic and clinical characteristics, by site of care
| Covariate | Comparison group (n = 100) | Transitions (n = 38) | p-value1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age: Mean (S.D.) | 49 (9) | 49 (9) | 0.98 | |
| Male gender | 90 (90%) | 35 (92%) | 0.71 | |
| Race | Black/African-American | 52 (52%) | 17 (45%) | 0.09 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 46 (46%) | 17 (45%) | ||
| Other2 | 2 (2%) | 4 (11%) | ||
| HIV variables | ||||
| VL suppressed at care initiation | 29 (29%) | 22 (58%) | < 0.01 | |
| Recent HIV diagnosis3 | 19 (18%) | 2 (5%) | 0.04 | |
| Reported years diagnosed with HIV4 (S.D.) | 11.0 (9.5) | 14.8 (8.7) | 0.03 | |
| On ART during follow-up | 90 (90%) | 37 (97%) | 0.18 | |
| HIV risk factor | Heterosexual | 58 (58%) | 20 (53%) | 0.57 |
| MSM5 | 33 (32%) | 2 (5%) | < 0.01 | |
| Injection drug use | 12 (12%) | 20 (53%) | < 0.01 | |
| Transfusion | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | N/A | |
| Unknown | 1 (1%) | 4 (11%) | < 0.01 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Chronic illness6 | 67 (67%) | 24 (63%) | 0.67 | |
| Hepatitis C infection | 19 (19%) | 25 (66%) | < 0.01 | |
| Current substance use disorder | 24 (24%) | 22 (58%) | < 0.01 | |
| Current opioid use disorder7 | 12 (12%) | 21 (55%) | < 0.01 | |
| Current cocaine use disorder | 5 (5%) | 8 (21%) | < 0.01 | |
| Current alcohol use disorder | 9 (9%) | 5 (13%) | 0.47 | |
| Psychiatric illness8 | 39 (39%) | 20 (53%) | 0.15 | |
| Chronic non-malignant pain9 | 39 (39%) | 21 (55%) | 0.09 | |
| Current smoking | 41 (41%) | 30 (79%) | < 0.01 | |
| Receiving buprenorphine maintenance treatment | 2 (2%) | 11 (29%) | < 0.01 | |
| Receiving prescription opioid analgesics10 | 21 (21%) | 3 (8%) | 0.08 | |
1For statistical tests of bivariate association: t-test for continuous variables, chi-square for categorical variables, Fisher’s Exact test for categorical variables with expected cell size < 5
2“Other” includes white and mixed-race
3Within 12 months of care initiation
4HIV diagnosis date information was available for 131 patients total
5Sexual transmission: men who have sex with men
6Chronic non-infectious disease diagnosis: e.g. hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, etc.
7DSM-IV diagnosis of opioid dependence
8DSM-IV Axis I diagnoses, including: Major Depressive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Mood Disorder (Not Otherwise Specified), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Panic Disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, AIDS Dementia Complex
9Pain lasting > 12 weeks due to factors other than malignancy, e.g. intervertebral disc disease, osteoarthritis, or neuropathy
10Chronic pain as described above; HIV provider renews opioid analgesic prescription to be used daily for at least 3 continuous months