Table 1.
GDF‐15 Related to Outcome Events in ACS
| Study | Participants | Outcomes | Follow‐Up (y) | Comparisons (ng/L) | RR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAD patients, Kempf et al2 | ACS (n =877) | M | 6 (maximum) | <1200, 1200 to 1800, >1800 | 8.5 (3.81–18.99) |
| GUSTO‐IV, Wollert et al20 | NSTE‐ACS (n=2081) | M | 1 (maximum) | <1200, 1200 to 1800, >1800 | 2.08 (1.85–2.34) |
| FRISC‐II, Wollert et al21 | NSTE‐ACS (n=2079) | M, R | 2 (maximum) | <1200, 1200 to 1800, >1800 | 1.75 (1.48–2.07) |
| ASSENT‐2 and ASSENT‐plus trials, Kempf et al22 | STEMI (n =741) | M | 1 (maximum) | <1200, 1200 to 1800, >1800 | 6.6 (2.43–18.23) |
| AMI patients, Khan et al23 | AMI (n=1142) | M, HF | 1.4 (median) | 1470 (240–31 860) | 4.24 (3.21–5.62) |
| FRISC II, Eggers et al24 | NSTE‐ACS (n=950) | M, R | 0.5 (maximum) | <1200, 1200 to 1800, >1800 | 1.9 (1.2–3.0) |
| PLATO, Hagstrom et al27 | ACS (n=16 876) | M | 1 (maximum) | <1145, 1145 to 1550, 1550 to 2219, >2219 | 3.96 (2.91–5.39) |
| PROVE IT‐TIMI 22, Bonaca et al28 | ACS (n=3501) | M | 2 (maximum) | <1200, 1200 to 1800, >1800 | 4.76 (2.67–8.48) |
| STEMI patients, Eitel I et al32 | STEMI (n=238) | M,R | 0.5 (maximum) | <1319, ≥1319 | 19 (2.58, 139.66) |
| NSTE‐ACS patients, Widera et al33 | NSTE‐ACS (n=1122) | M, R | 0.5 (mean) | 1725 (1205–2797) | 2.4 (1.9–3.0) |
| NSTE‐ACS patients, Widera et al34 | NSTE‐ACS (n=1146) | M, R | 0.5 (mean) | 1770 (1262–2981) | 2.4 (2.0–3.0) |
| ICTUS, Damman et al35 | NSTE‐ACS | M | 5 (maximum) | <1200, 1200 to 1800, >1800 | 4.78 (3.71–6.18) |
| PLATO, Wallentin et al36 | NSTE‐ACS (n=9946) | M,R,S | 1 (maximum) | <1200, 1200 to 1800, >1800 | NA |
| NSTE‐ACS patients, Dominguez‐Rodriguez et al37 | NSTE‐ACS (n=255) | M,R,UA | 3 (maximum) | 1639 (median) | 52.3 (7–388.5) |
| Shock II, Fuernau et al38 | AMI (n=190) | M | 0.1 (maximum) | 7662 (median) | 1.88 (1.21–2.94) |
| FRISC‐II, Wallentin et al39 | NSTE‐ACS (n=2457) | M,R | 2 (maximum) | <1800, ≥1800 | NA |
| NSTE‐ACS patients, Dominguez‐Rodriguez et al40 | NSTE‐ACS (n=502) | M,R,UA | 2 (maximum) | 470 to 1765, 1766 to 2995, 2996 to 11 607 | 6.6 (4.28–10.2) |
| Västmanland Myocardial Infarction Study, Skau et al41 | AMI (n=847) | M | 6.9 (median) | NA | 2.57 (2.31–2.85) |
| PLATO, Lindholm et al42 | ACS (n=17 095) | M | 1 (maximum) | NA | 2.65 (2.17–3.24) |
ACS indicates acute coronary syndrome; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; ASSENT, assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic; CAD, coronary artery disease; FRISC II, Fast Revascularization during Instability in Coronary artery disease II; GDF‐15, growth differentiation factor 15; GUSTO‐IV, Global Utilisation of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries IV; HF, heart failure; ICTUS, Invasive versus Conservative Treatment in Unstable coronary Syndromes; M, mortality; NA, not applicable; NSTE‐ACS, non‐ST‐segment–elevation acute coronary syndrome; PLATO, Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes; PROVE IT‐TIMI‐22, Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy‐Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction‐22 trial; R, recurrent myocardial infarction; RR, relative risk; S, stroke; STEMI, ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction; UA, unstable angina.