Table 1.
Characteristics of observational studies that examined the associations between healthy dietary indices and depressive outcomes
| Author, year | Country | Design follow-up | Population, age | N, n cases | Dietary assessment | Dietary score | Depression assessment | Model | Adjustment | OR, HR or RR, or β coefficients |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mediterranean diet | ||||||||||
| Adjibade 2017 [45] | France | Cohort 12.6 years | Adults SUVIMAX, 1994–2007, Men 52.1 years, women 47.6 years | Men 2031, 69 cases; women 1492, 103 cases | ~10, 24-hDR over 2 years | rMED | Follow-up: Q. Men CES-D-20 ≥ 17; women CES-D-20 ≥ 23. Baseline: Q, A. Exclusion depressive symptoms (same CES-D cutoffs) or antidepressant use. | Logistic regression | Age, sex, intervention group, education, marital status, socio-professional status, energy intake, number of 24-h dietary records, interval between CES-D measurements, smoking status, physical activity, BMI | Men OR T3 vs. T1 0.58; 95% CI 0.29, 1.13, continuous OR 0.91; 95% CI 0.83, 0.99. Women OR T3 vs. T1 0.95; 95% CI 0.57, 1.59, continuous OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.91, 1.06 |
| Hodge 2013 [31] | Australia | Cohort 11 years | Adults Melbourne Collaborative cohort study 1990–2007, 50–69 years | 8660, 731 cases | 121-item FFQ | MDS with olive oil | Follow-up: Q. K10 ≥ 20. Baseline: A. Exclusion antidepressant or anxiolytics use. | Logistic regression | Physical activity, education, smoking, history of arthritis, asthma, kidney, energy intake, SES | OR score 7–9 vs. 0–3: 0.72; 95% CI 0.54, 0.95 |
| Sanchez Villegas 2009 [47] | Spain | Cohort 4.4 years | Adults SUN, 37.5 years | 10,094, 480 cases | 136-item FFQ | MDS | Follow-up: C, A. Self-reported doctor diagnosis or habitual use of antidepressant. Baseline: C, A. Exclusion antidepressant use or previous clinical diagnosis | Cox proportional hazards model | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, physical activity, vitamin supplements, energy intake, chronic disease at baseline | OR score 6–9 vs. 0–2: 0.58; 95% CI 0.44, 0.77 |
| Sanchez Villegas 2015 [48] | Spain | Cohort 8.5 years | Adults SUN, 37.5 years | 15,093, 1051 cases | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | OR score 6–9 vs. 0–2: 0.70; 95% CI 0.58, 0.85 |
| Lai 2016 [46] | Australia | Cohort 12 years | Adults ALSWH, 50–54 years | 9280 | DQES | MDS | Follow-up and baseline: Q. CES-D-10 continuous Adjustment for baseline depression (no exclusion) | Linear mixed model with time-varying covariates | Area of residence, marital status, income, education, physical activity, smoking, baseline self-reported physician depression diagnosis, antidepressant use | Q5 vs. Q1, β = −0.48; 95% CI −0.74, −0.21 |
| Skarupski 2013 [27] | US | Cohort 7.2 years | Adults CHAP Chicago, 73.5 years | 3502 | 139-item FFQ | aMED | Follow-up: Q. CES-D-10 continuous. Baseline: Q. Exclusion of CES-D-10 ≥ 4 | Generalized estimating equations | Age, sex, race, education, income, widowhood, energy intake, BMI | Slope over time is positive in T1 but negative in T3, slope difference between T3 and T1 β = −0.03, SE = 0.01, p < 0.001 |
| Winpenny 2018 [25] | UK | Cohort 3 years | Adolescents ROOTS, 14 years | 603 | 4 day diet diary | MDS | Follow-up and baseline: Q. MFQ-33, continuous. Adjustment for baseline score (no exclusion) | Linear regression | Sex, SES, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, sleep, friendship quality, self-esteem, family functioning, medication use, % body fat, baseline MFQ score | Beta 1 SD MDS 0.35; 95% CI −0.04, 0.74 |
| Veronese 2016 [43] | US | Cross-sectional | Adults Osteoarthritis initiative, 61.3 years. Patients at high-risk of osteoarthritis | 4470 | 70-item FFQ | aMED | Q. CES-D-20 ≥ 16 | Logistic regression | Age, sex, race, BMI, education, smoking, annual income, Charlson comorbidity index, analgesic drugs use, total energy intake | OR Q4–5 vs. Q1–3 0.82; 95% CI 0.65, 1.04 |
| Mamplekou 2010 [26] | Greece | Cross-sectional | Adults MEDIS, 74 years | 1190, 246 cases | FFQ | aMED | Q. GDS-15 > 10 | Logistic regression | Age, sex, education, BMI, physical activity, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia | OR 1 unit increase 1.03; 95% CI 0.98, 1.09 |
| Tehrani 2018 [49] | Iran | Cross-sectional | Adolescents Tehran, 16.2 years | 263 | 168-item FFQ | MSDPS | Q. DASS-21 ≥ 10 on the depression subscale | Logistic regression | Age, BMI, energy intake, physical activity, ethnicity, parents’ education level and total family income | OR Q5 vs. Q1 0.41; 95% CI 0.17, 0.97 |
| Healthy Eating Index HEI/Alternative Eating Index AHEI | ||||||||||
| Adjibade 2018 [51] | France | Cohort 5.9 years | Adults NutriNet-Santé, 2009–2018, 18–86 years Men 53.0 years, women 45.5 years | 26,225, 2166 cases | ~8, 24-hDR over the first 2 years | AHEI-2010 | Follow-up: Q. Men CES-D-20 ≥ 17; women CES-D-20 ≥ 23. Baseline: Q, A. Exclusion depressive symptoms (same CES-D cutoffs) or antidepressant use. | Cox proportional hazards model | Age, sex, marital status, educational level, occupational categories, household income, residential area, energy intake without alcohol, number of 24hs and inclusion month, smoking, physical activity, BMI, health events during follow-up | HR T3 vs. T1 0.96; 95% CI 0.86, 1.07 .HR per 1 SD increase 0.98; 95% CI 0.94, 1.03 |
| Akbaraly 2013 [55] | UK | Cohort 5 years | Adults Whitehall II 1991–2009, 61 years | Men 3155, 164 cases; women 1060, 96 cases | 127-item FFQ | AHEI | Follow-up: Q, A. Recurrent (at both phase 7 and 9) depressive symptoms CES-D-20 ≥ 16 or antidepressant use. Baseline: A. Exclusion antidepressant use (phase 3 or 5) | Logistic regression | Age, sex, ethnicity, energy intake, SES, retirement, living alone, smoking, physical activity, CAD, diabetes, hypertension, HDL cholesterol, lipid-lowering drugs, central obesity, cognitive impairment | OR T3 vs. T1 Men 0.95; 95% CI 0.64, 1.42. Women 0.36; 95% CI 0.20, 0.64 |
| Sanchez Villegas 2015 [48] | Spain | Cohort 8.5 years | Adults SUN, 37.5 years | 15,093, 1051 cases | 136-item FFQ | AHEI-2010 | Follow-up: C, A. Self-reported doctor diagnosis or habitual use of antidepressant. Baseline: C, A. Exclusion antidepressant use or previous clinical diagnosis | Cox proportional hazards model | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, physical activity, vitamin supplements, energy intake, chronic disease at baseline | HR Q5 vs. Q1 0.72; 95% CI 0.59, 0.88 |
| Loprinzi 2014 [52] | US | Cross-sectional | Adults NHANES 2005–2006, 20–85 years | 2574, 118 cases | Two 24-hDR | HEI 2005 | Q. PHQ-9 ≥ 10 | Logistic regression | Age, gender, ethnicity, BMI, PIR, presence of comorbidities | OR > 60 percentile vs. below 0.51; 95% CI 0.27, 0.93 |
| Rahmani 2017 [53] | Iran | Cross-sectional | Adults Iranian soldiers, 24 years | 246, 39 cases | FFQ | AHEI-2010 | Q. DASS-21 > 21 on the depression subscale (severe depression) | Logistic regression | Age, energy intake, BMI, physical activity, education, marital status, smoking, SES, family size | OR Q4 vs. Q1 0.12; 95% CI 0.02, 0.58 |
| Saneei 2016 [54] | Iran | Cross-sectional | Adults Iranian adults, 36.3 years | Men 1403, 321 cases; women 1960, 688 cases | 106-item FFQ | AHEI-2010 | Q. Iranian HADS-21 ≥ 8 | Logistic regression | Age, sex, energy intake, BMI, physical activity, smoking, marital status, educational level, family size, house possession, self-reported diabetes, current use of antipsychotic medications, dietary supplements | OR Q4 vs. Q1 Men 0.70; 95% CI 0.44, 1.11. Women 0.51; 95% CI 0.36, 0.71 |
| Beydoun 2010 [50] | US | Cross-sectional | Adults HANDLS, 47.9 years | 734, 21.2% men and 32.1% women | Two, 24-hDR | HEI-2005 | Q. CES-D-20 ≥ 16 | Linear regression | Age, ethnicity, marital status, education, poverty status, smoking status, illicit drug use, and BMI | Men β = −0.045 SE = 0.024 p = 0.06. Women β = −0.083, SE = 0.023, p < 0.001 |
| Dietary approaches to stop hypertension DASH | ||||||||||
| Perez Cornago 2017 [58] | Spain | Cohort 8 year | Adults SUN, 37.5 years | 14,051, 113 cases | 136-item FFQ | Dixon Mellen Fung Gunther | Follow-up: C, A. Self-reported doctor diagnosis or habitual use of antidepressant. Baseline: C, A. Exclusion antidepressant use or previous clinical diagnosis | Cox proportional hazards model | Sex, smoking, physical activity, energy intake, living alone, unemployment, marital status, baseline hypertension, weight change, personality traits | HR Dixon 3–9 vs.. ≤ 2, 1.47; 95% CI 0.95, 2.3 HR Mellen Q2–Q5 vs. Q1, 0.68; 0.45, 1.04 HR Fung Q2–Q5 vs. Q1, 0.63; 95% CI 0.41, 0.95 HR Gunther Q2–Q5 vs. Q1, 1.01; 95% CI 0.63, 162 |
| Meegan 2017 [57] | Ireland | Cross-sectional | Adults Cork&Kerry Diabetes and Heart Disease Study, 59.8 years | 2040, 302 cases | 127-item EPIC FFQ | Fung | Q. CES-D-20 ≥ 16 | Logistic regression | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol, antidepressant use, history of depression | OR > median vs. below 1.06; 95% CI 0.69, 1.63 |
| Valipour 2017 [59] | Iran | Cross-sectional | Adults SEPAHAN, 36 years | 1712 men; 2134 women 1108 total cases | 106-item FFQ | Fung modified (deciles, different items) | Q. HADS-D-21 ≥ 8 | Logistic regression | Age, sex, energy intake, marital status, socioeconomic status, smoking, physical activity, chronic disease, antidepressant use, supplement use, pregnant or lactating, frequent spice consumers, BMI | OR ≥ 51 vs. ≤ 40: men 1.08; 95% CI 0.73, 1.6, women 0.96; 95% CI 0.72, 1.28 |
| Khayyatzadeh 2017 [56] | Iran | Cross-sectional | Adolescents Iranian girls, 12–18 years | 535, 172 cases | 168-item FFQ | Fung | Q. Persian version of BDI-21 > 16 | Logistic regression | Age, energy intake, mother job status, passive smoker, menstruation, parent death, parent divorce, physical activity, BMI, SES, education | OR Q4 vs. Q1 0.47; 95% CI 0.23, 0.92 |
| Dietary Inflammatory Index DII | ||||||||||
| Akbaraly 2016 [61] | UK | Cohort 5 years | Adults Whitehall II 2002–2009, 61 years | Men 3178, 166 cases; Women 1068, 99 cases | 127-item FFQ | DII | Follow-up: Q, A. Recurrent (phase 7 and 9) depressive symptoms CES-D-20 ≥ 16 or antidepressant use. Baseline: A. Exclusion antidepressant use (phase 3 or 5) | Logistic regression | Age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, occupation, smoking, alcohol, energy intake, physical activity, CVD risk factors | OR T1 vs. T3 men 0.96; 95% CI 0.60, 1.54. Women 0.35; 95% CI 0.18, 0.68 |
| Adjibade 2017 [60] | France | Cohort 12.6 years | Adults SUVIMAX, 1994–2007, Men 52.1, Women 47.6 | Men 2031, 69 cases; Women 1492, 103 cases | ~10 24-hDR over 2 years | DII | Follow-up: Q. Men CES-D-20 ≥ 17; women CES-D-20 ≥ 23. Baseline: Q, A. Exclusion depressive symptoms (same CES-D cutoffs) or antidepressant use. | Logistic regression | Age, sex, intervention group, education, marital status, socio-professional status, energy intake, number of 24-h DR, interval between the two CES-D measurements, smoking, physical activity, BMI | OR Q1 vs. Q4 men 0.43; 95% CI 0.19, 0.99. Women 1.39; 0.75, 2.56 |
| Sanchez Villegas 2015 [67] | Spain | Cohort 8.5 years | Adults SUN, 37 years | 15,093, 1051 cases | 136-item FFQ | DII | Follow-up: C, A. Self-reported doctor diagnosis or habitual use of antidepressant. Baseline: C, A. Exclusion antidepressant use or previous clinical diagnosis | Cox proportional hazards model | Age, sex, energy intake, prevalence of disease, BMI, smoking, physical activity, vitamin supplement, CVD, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia at baseline | HR Q1 vs. Q5 0.68; 95% CI 0.54, 0.85 |
| Shivappa 2016 [65] | Australia | Cohort 9 years | Adults ALSWH 2001–2013, 52 years | 6438, 1156 cases | 101-item FFQ | DII | Follow-up: Q. CES-D-10 ≥ 10 Baseline: Q. Exclusion history depressive symptoms CES-D-10 ≥ 10 survey 1 to 3. | Relative risk (log-binomial or Poisson) | Energy intake, education, marital status, menopause status, night sweats and major personal illness or injury, smoking, physical activity, BMI, depression diagnosis or treatment | RR Q1 vs. Q4 0.81; 95% CI 0.69, 0.96 |
| Shivappa 2018 [42] | US | Cohort 8 years | Adults Osteoarthritis initiative, 61.4 years Patients at high-risk of osteoarthritis | 3608, 837 cases | 70-item FFQ | DII | Follow-up: Q. CES-D-20 > 16. Baseline: Q. Exclusion prevalent depressive symptoms CES-D-20 > 16 | Cox proportional hazards model | Age, sex, race, BMI, education, smoking, income, physical activity, Charlson co-morbidity index, CES-D at baseline, statin use, NSAIDS or cortisone use | HR Q1 vs. Q4 0.81; 95% CI 0.65, 0.99 |
| Wirth 2017 [66] | US | Cross-sectional | Adults NHANES III, 2005–2012, 46.9 years | Men 9322, 595 cases; women 9553, 1053 cases | Two 24-hDR | DII | Q. PHQ-9 ≥ 10 | Logistic regression | Race, education, marital status, perceived health, current infection status, smoking family member, smoking status, past cancer, diagnosis, arthritis, age, average nightly sleep duration | OR Q1 vs. Q4 Men 0.92; 95% CI 0.61, 1.37. Women 0.77; 95% CI 0.60, 1.00 |
| Bergman 2017 [62] | US | Cross-sectional | Adults NHANES III, 2007–2012, 20–80 years | 11,592, 939 cases | Two 24-hDR | DII | Q. PHQ-9 ≥ 10 | Logistic regression | Age, sex, ethnicity, poverty income ratio, employment, health insurance, education, marital status, BMI, smoking, physical activity, sedentary time, vitamin supplements use, energy intake, menopause, comorbidity (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, CVD, respiratory illness, cancer) | OR Q1 vs. Q5 0.44; 95% CI 0.31, 0.63 |
| Philipps 2017 [63] | Ireland | Cross-sectional | Adults Cork&Kerry Diabetes and Heart Disease Study, 50–69 years | 1992 | 127-item EPIC FFQ | DII | Q. CES-D-20 ≥ 16 | Logistic regression | Age, sex, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, antidepressant use and history of depression | OR T1 vs. T3 men 1.28; 95% CI 0.61, 2.78. Women 0.45; 95% CI 0.23, 0.87 |
| Shivappa 2017 [64] | Iran | Cross-sectional | Adolescents Iranian adolescent girls, 15–18 years | 299, 84 cases | 168-item FFQ | DII | Q. DASS-21 > 9 | Logistic regression | Age, total energy intake, physical activity, marital status, income, smoking, BMI, chronic disease | OR T1 vs. T3 0.29; 95% CI 0.11, 0.75 |
| Other diet quality indices | ||||||||||
| Collin 2016 [69] | France | Cohort 13 years | Adults SUVIMAX, 49.5 years | 3328, 340 cases | ~10, 24-hDR over 2 years | mPNNS-GS French guidelines | Outcome: Q. chronic depressive symptoms defined as CES-D-20 ≥ 16 at baseline and follow up. Baseline: A. Exclusion of antidepressant use. | Logistic regression | Age, sex, energy intake, education, marital status, tobacco, supplementation group, number of 24 h DR, baseline BMI and physical activity | OR Q4 vs. Q1 0.51; 95% CI 0.35, 0.73 |
| Adjibade 2018 [51] | France | Cohort 5.9 years | Adults NutriNet-Santé, 2009–2018, 18–86 years. Men 53.0 years, women 45.5 years | 26,225, 2166 cases | ~8, 24-hDR over the first 2 years | mPNNS-GS French guidelines | Follow-up: Q. Men CES-D-20 ≥ 17; women CES-D-20 ≥ 23 Baseline: Q, A. Exclusion depressive symptoms (same CES-D cutoffs) or antidepressant use. | Cox proportional hazards model | Age, sex, marital status, educational level, occupational categories, household income, residential area, energy intake without alcohol, number of 24hs and inclusion month, smoking, physical activity, BMI, health events during follow-up | HR T3 vs. T1 0.80; 95% CI 0.72, 0.90. HR per 1 SD increase 0.92; 95% CI 0.87, 0.96 |
| PANDiet | HR T3 vs. T1 0.88; 95% CI 0.79, 0.98. HR per 1 SD increase 0.95; 95% CI 0.91, 0.99 | |||||||||
| DQI-I | HR T3 vs. T1 0.79; 95% CI 0.70, 0.88. HR per 1 SD increase 0.91; 95% CI 0.87, 0.95 | |||||||||
| Lai 2017 [77] | Australia | Cohort 9 years | Adults ALSWH, Women 45–50 years | 7877, 2841 cases | DQES | ARFS | Follow-up: Q. CES-D-10 ≥ 10. Baseline: A. Exclusion self-report depression | Logistic regression | Area of residence, marital status, income, education, smoking, physical activity, anxiety/nervous disorder | OR T3 vs. T1 0.94; 95% CI 0.83, 1.00 |
| Lai 2016 [46] | Australia | Cohort 12 years | Adults ALSWH, Women 45–50 years | 11,046 | DQES | ARFS | Follow-up and baseline: Q. CES-D-10 continuous Adjustment for baseline depression (no exclusion) | Linear mixed model | Area of residence, marital status, income, education, smoking, physical activity, self-reported physician diagnosis and use of antidepressants | Q5 vs. Q1 β = −0.23; 95% CI −0.47, 0.01 |
| Espana Romero 2013 [70] | US | Cohort 6.1 years | Adults Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study, 47 years | 5110, 641 cases | 3 day food record | AHA diet goals. 4 items: F&V, fish, sodium, wholegrain | Follow-up: Q. CES-D-30 ≥ 8. Baseline: C. Exclusion previous mental disorder | Logistic regression | Age, sex, baseline year, heavy alcohol intake, other ideal components: smoking, BMI, physical activity, total cholesterol, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose | OR ideal (3–4) vs. poor (0–1) 0.58; 95% CI 0.37, 0.92 |
| Gall 2016 [71] | Australia | Cohort 5 years | Adults Childhood Determinants of Adult Health (CDAH), 31.7 years | 1233, 203 cases | 127-item FFQ | Australian Dietary Guideline Index | C. Composite International Diagnostic Interview diagnosis of major depression. Outcome: first episode vs. no new episode (may include history of mood disorder before baseline) | Log multinomial regression | Age, sex, education, physical health related quality of life, history of CVD or diabetes, oral contraceptive use, area-level SES, social support, parental status | RR Q4 vs. Q1–Q3: 0.71; 95% CI 0.39, 1.3 |
| Sanchez Villegas 2015 [48] | Spain | Cohort 8.5 years | Adults SUN, 37.5 years | 15,093, 1051 cases | 136-item FFQ | Pro-vegetarian food pattern | Follow-up: C, A. Self-reported doctor diagnosis or habitual use of antidepressant. Baseline: C, A. Exclusion antidepressant use or previous clinical diagnosis | Cox proportional hazards model | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, physical activity, vitamin supplements, energy intake, chronic disease at baseline | HR Q5 vs. Q1 0.78; 95% CI 0.64, 0.93 |
| Voortman 2017 [79] | Netherlands | Cohort 13.5 years | Adults Rotterdam Study, 64.1 years | 6217, 1686 cases | 389-item FFQ | Dutch Dietary Guidelines 2015 | Follow-up: C, A. Self-reported history of depression, psychiatric examination (CES-D + semi-structured clinical interview), medical records, antidepressant. Baseline: C. Exclusion prevalent disease | Cox proportional hazards model | Cohort, age, sex, education, employment, smoking, physical activity and energy intake | HR Q5 vs. Q1 0.89; 95% CI 0.76, 1.04 |
| Jacka 2010 [75] | Australia | Cross-sectional | Adults Geelong Osteoporosis Australia, Women 20–94 years | 1046, 60 cases | 74-item FFQ | ARFS | C. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR | Logistic regression | Age, socioeconomic status, education, physical activity, alcohol, smoking, energy intake | OR z-score, 0.85; 95% CI 0.62, 1.13 |
| Q. GHQ-12 continuous | Linear regression | As above | β = −0.08; 95% CI −0.14, -0.01 | |||||||
| Jacka 2011 [74] | Norway | Cross-sectional | Adults Hordaland Health study 1997, 46–74 years | Men 2477, 230 cases. Women 3254, 281 | 169-item FFQ | DQS 6 items | Q. HADS-D-7 ≥ 8 | Logistic regression | Age, income, education, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy intake | OR z-score Men 0.83; 95% CI 0.70, 0.99. Women 0.71; 95% CI 0.59, 0.84 |
| Sakai 2017 [78] | Japan | Cross-sectional | Three-generation Study of Women on Diets and Health, Adolescenst 18 years. Adults 47.9 years | Adolescent 3963, 871 cases. Adults 3833, 643 cases | DHQ | Japanese DQS 7 items | Q. CES-D-20 ≥ 23 | Logistic regression | BMI, smoking, medication use, self-reported stress, dietary reporting status, physical activity, energy intake | OR Q5 vs. Q1 Adolescents 0.67; 95% CI 0.49, 0.92. Adults 0.55; 95%CI 0.4, 0.75 |
| Gomes 2017 [72] | Brazil | Cross-sectional | Adults Pelotas, 60 years+ | Men 508, 50 cases. Women 870, 161 cases | FFQ | EDQ-I | Q. Brazilian GDS-10 ≥ 5 | Logistic regression | Age, marital status, education, economic class, leisure time physical activity, current smoking, alcohol intake | OR T1 vs. T3 Men 3.78; 95% CI 1.35, 10.57. Women 2.13; 95%CI 1.35, 3.33 |
| Huddy 2016 [73] | Australia | Cross-sectional | Adults Melbourne InFANT Extend Program, Women 19–45 years | 437, 151 cases | 137-item FFQ | Australian Dietary Guideline Index | Q. CES-D-10 ≥ 10 | Linear regression | Age, education, smoking, physical activity, television viewing, sleep quality, BMI | 1 point increase β = −0.034; 95%CI −0.056, −0.012 |
| Kronish 2012 [76] | US | Cross-sectional | Adults REGARDS 2003–2007, 65 years | 20,093, 1959 cases | 109-item FFQ | 5 items: fish, F&V, sodium, sugar, fiber/carb | Q. CES-D-4 ≥ 4 | Poisson regression | Age, race, sex, region of residence, income, education | Prevalence ratio < 2 vs. ≥ 2 1.08; 95% CI 1.06, 1.10 |
| Rius-Ottenheim 2017 [44] | Netherlands | Cross-sectional | Adults Alpha Omega, 72.2 years Patients with a history of myocardial infarction | 2171 | 203-item FFQ | DHNaFS DUNaFS | Q. GDS-15 continuous | Linear regression | Age, sex, education, marital status, physical activity, BMI, high alcohol use, smoking, antidepressants use, family history of depression, self-rated health, chronic disease, treatment group | continuous, β = −0.108 p < 0.001; continuous, β = −0.002 p = 0.93 |
Country: UK United Kingdom, US United States of America
Study: ALSWH Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, HANDLS Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span; InFANT Infant Feeding, Activity, and Nutrition Trial, MEDIS MEDiterranean ISlands study, NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, REGARDS Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke, ROOTS adolescents from Cambridgeshire and Suffolk recruited through secondary schools, SEPAHAN Studying the Epidemiology of Psycho-Alimentary Health and Nutrition, SUN Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra, SUVIMAX Supplementation en Vitamines et Mineraux study
Dietary instrument: 24h DR 24-hour dietary recall, DHQ diet history questionnaire, DQES dietary questionnaire for epidemiological studies, FFQ food frequency questionnaire
Dietary score: MDS Mediterranean Diet Score, rMED relative Mediterranean Diet Score, aMED alternative Mediterranean Diet Score, AHEI Alternative Healthy Eating Index, HEI Healthy Eating Index, DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, DII, Dietary Inflammatory Index, mPNNS-GS modified score to the French dietary guidelines (PNNS-Guideline Score), AHA, American Heart; Association, ARFS Australian Recommended Food Score, DGI, Dietary Guidelines Index, DQI-I, Diet Quality Index International, DQS diet quality score, DHNaFS Dutch Healthy Nutrient and Food Score, DUNaFS Dutch Undesirable Nutrient and Food Score, EDQ-I Elderly Dietary Quality Index, PANDiet Diet Quality Index based on the probability of adequate nutrient intake
Depression assessment: Q questionnaire, C clinical, A antidepressant use, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, CES-D Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (followed by number of items in the scale), DASS Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, GHQ-12 General Health Questionnaire 12 items, HADS(-D) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Depression subscale), K10 Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, MFQ Moods and Feelings Questionnaire (range 0–66), PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire 9 item depression module
Adjustment: BMI body mass index, CAD coronary artery disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, HDL high-density lipoprotein, PIR poverty-to-income ratio, SES socioeconomic status
Measure of association: OR odds ratio, HR hazard ratio, RR risk ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval, T tertile, Q4 quartile, Q5 quintile