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. 2018 Aug 7;24(2):282–293. doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0127-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — The receptor and ionic mechanisms and behavioral effects of orexin-induced excitation on VP neurons. a1–a2 Based on infrared differential interference contrast and fluorescence images, lentivirus-infected eGFP-positive VP neurons with diameters around 15 μm were recorded. b1 Knockdown of OX1R (n = 5) or OX2R (n = 6) significantly reduced the orexin-A-induced inward current (n = 6) on VP neurons. b2 Group data of the tested VP neurons. c KB-R7943, a selective blocker of NCX (n = 5), partly blocked the orexin-A-elicited inward current, and combined application of KB-R7943 and CdCl₂ totally blocked the current (n = 6). d Group data of the tested VP neurons. e Nifedipine, a selective L-type Ca²⁺ channel blocker (n = 6), partially inhibited the orexin-A-induced inward current. f Group data of the tested VP neurons. g–i Microinjection of orexin-A into VP decreased immobility time in forced swim test (n = 11) (g) and increased sucrose preference (n = 11) (h), but did not influence distance traveled (n = 11) and number of rearing (n = 11) in the open field (i). Control in b, d, f refers to orexin-A treatment. Data are represented as median (horizontal bar) with 25th–75th (box) and 10th–90th (whiskers) percentiles; n.s. indicates not significant and *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, by one-way ANOVA (b) followed by Bonferroni-corrected t test, two tailed paired (d, f) or unpaired t-test (g–i)