Table 3c.
Effect of single environmental risk factors on measures of aggressive behavior in schizophrenic and general population subjects (continued)
| Problematic alcohol use | p value (χ2/Z) | Cannabis use | p value (χ2/Z) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Discovery sample (N = 134) | ||||||
| Male schizophrenic subjects | n = 102 | n = 32 | n = 66 | n = 68 | ||
| History of forensic hospitalization | 14 (13.7%) | 8 (25.0%) | p = 0.133 (χ2 = 2.26) | 4 (6.1%) | 18 (26.5%) | p = 0.001 (χ2 = 10.17) |
| Aggression proxya | 25 (24.5%) | 12 (37.5%) | p = 0.152 (χ2 = 2.06) | 9 (13.6%) | 28 (41.2%) | p = 0.0004 (χ2 = 12.71) |
| Violent aggression severity score (VASS) | 25.60 (38.59) | 36.41 (37.79) | p = 0.022 (Z = −2.30) | 16.30 (27.82) | 39.72 (43.85) | p = 1.1 x 10−5 (Z = −4.39) |
| Aggression before schizophreniab | 37 (36.3%) | 22 (68.8%) | p = 0.001 (χ2 = 10.42) | 18 (27.3%) | 41 (60.3%) | p = 0.0001 (χ2 = 14.82) |
| Replication sample I (N = 575–582) | ||||||
| GRAS I male schizophrenic subjects | n = 472–477 | n = 103–104 | n = 319–323 | n = 257–259 | ||
| History of forensic hospitalization | 60 (12.7%) | 15 (14.6%) | p = 0.307 (χ2 = 0.26) | 28 (8.8%) | 42 (16.3%) | p = 0.003 (χ2 = 7.63) |
| Aggression proxya | 91 (19.1%) | 35 (33.7%) | p = 0.0005 (χ2 = 10.68) | 48 (14.9%) | 73 (28.2%) | p = 4.1 x 10−5 (χ2 = 15.50) |
| Replication sample II (N = 293–294) | ||||||
| GRAS II male schizophrenic subjects | n = 204 | n = 89–90 | n = 146 | n = 147–148 | ||
| History of forensic hospitalization | 39 (19.1%) | 35 (39.3%) | p = 0.0001 (χ2 = 13.41) | 23 (15.8%) | 51 (34.7%) | p = 9.5 x 10−5 (χ2 = 13.92) |
| Aggression proxya | 48 (23.5%) | 38 (42.2%) | p = 0.0006 (χ2 = 10.54) | 29 (19.9%) | 57 (38.5%) | p = 0.0002 (χ2 = 12.35) |
| Replication sample III (N = 466–490) | ||||||
| GRAS I–II female schizophrenic subjects | n = 436–440 | n = 30 | n = 401–405 | n = 85 | ||
| History of forensic hospitalization | 12 (2.7%) | 3 (10.0%) | p = 0.063† (χ2 = 4.81) | 9 (2.2%) | 7 (8.2%) | p = 0.011† (χ2 = 8.04) |
| Aggression proxya | 40 (9.2%) | 11 (36.7%) | p = 0.0001† (χ2 = 21.77) | 32 (8.0%) | 23 (27.1%) | p = 2.3 x 10−7 (χ2 = 25.44) |
| Replication sample IV–V (N = 513–551) | ||||||
| General population | n = 163–165 | n = 361–363 | n = 156–158 | n = 357 | ||
| Secondary psychopathy score – LSRPc | 18.89 (3.56) | 20.37 (3.37) | p = 7.9 x 10−6 (Z = −4.32) | 19.27 (3.59) | 20.04 (3.48) | p = 0.013 (Z = −2.24) |
| Aggression-hostility score – ZKPQd | 23.15 (3.91) | 24.90 (4.06) | p = 1.1 x 10−6 (Z = −4.73) | 23.31 (4.47) | 24.64 (3.78) | p = 0.0005 (Z = −3.47) |
Data are uncorrected means (SD) or n (%); for statistical analysis, Mann-Whitney-U, χ2, or Fisher’s exact test was used; significant p values are underlined; for replication samples, testing was one-sided; because of missing data, sample sizes vary;
aany conviction for battery, sexual assault, manslaughter and murder or a history of forensic hospitalization;
bdeviant behavior, criminality, verbal, physical, or sexual aggression at least half a year (mean=13.69 years, SD=10.10) before first psychotic episode;
cLSRP=Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale;
dZKPQ-50-CC=Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire;
†Fisher’s exact test upon group size estimations <5; NA=information not available