Table 1.
Comparison of Estimated PM2.5Exposure by Baseline Population Characteristics (N=1,989).
| Distribution of time-varying 3-year averagePM2.5a | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | |||
| Population Characteristics | N | (25th percentile, median, 75th percentile) | pb |
| Overall | 1,989 | 12.61 ± 2.58 (10.74, 12.03, 14.19) | |
| Region | <0.01 | ||
| Northeast | 418 | 12.18 ± 1.33 (11.1, 12.1, 13.2) | |
| South | 299 | 12.21 ± 1.77 (10.6, 11.8,14) | |
| Midwest | 772 | 12.85 ± 2.43 (10.7, 12.3, 15.4) | |
| West | 500 | 12.84 ± 3.69 (10.7, 11.8, 14.9) | |
| Ethnicity | <0.01 | ||
| African-American | 115 | 15.23 ± 2.39 (13.8, 14.7, 16.6) | |
| Hispanic White | 23 | 12.74 ± 2.45 (11.1, 11.9, 14.1) | |
| White (not Hispanic) | 1802 | 12.41 ± 2.47 (10.7, 11.8, 13.9) | |
| Other or Missing | 49 | 13.81 ± 3.41 (11.4, 12.9, 16.2) | |
| Education | 0.02 | ||
| Less than high school | 89 | 12.48 ± 2.55 (10.9, 11.7, 14.1) | |
| High school | 431 | 12.32 ± 2.24 (10.6, 11.7, 13.6) | |
| More than high school | 1469 | 12.7 ± 2.67 (10.8, 12.1, 14.3) | |
| Employment | 0.43 | ||
| Currently working | 383 | 12.49 ± 2.61 (10.7, 12, 14) | |
| Not working | 190 | 12.79 ± 2.62 (10.8, 12.2, 14.7) | |
| Retired | 1416 | 12.62 ± 2.56 (10.8, 12, 14.2) | |
| Income (USD) | <0.01 | ||
| < 9,999 | 422 | 12.34 ± 2.57 (10.6, 11.5, 14.1) | |
| 10,000–34,999 | 625 | 12.58 ± 2.51 (10.7, 12.1, 14.1) | |
| 35,000–49,999 | 430 | 12.6 ± 2.53 (10.7, 12, 14) | |
| 50,000–74,999 | 277 | 12.82 ± 2.71 (11, 12.2, 14.2) | |
| 75,000 or more | 176 | 13.19 ± 2.75 (11, 12.5, 14.9) | |
| Don’t know | 59 | 12.27 ± 2.3 (10.7, 11.9, 13.5) | |
| Lifestyle | |||
| Smoking status | 0.44 | ||
| Never smoked | 1106 | 12.64 ± 2.61 (10.7, 12, 14.3) | |
| Past smoker | 775 | 12.61 ± 2.51 (10.8, 12.1, 14) | |
| Current Smoker | 108 | 12.31 ± 2.72 (10.5, 11.7, 14.1) | |
| Alcohol use | 0.07 | ||
| Non-drinker | 246 | 12.99 ± 2.7 (10.7, 12.5, 14.8) | |
| Past drinker | 347 | 12.57 ± 2.54 (10.7, 12, 14.4) | |
| Less than 1 drink per day | 1148 | 12.52 ± 2.55 (10.7, 12, 13.9) | |
| More than 1 drink per day | 248 | 12.69 ± 2.61 (10.9, 12, 14.2) | |
| Moderate or strenuous physical activities ≥ 20 minutes | 0.42 | ||
| No activity | 1128 | 12.65 ± 2.64 (10.7, 12.1, 14.3) | |
| Some activity | 107 | 12.73 ± 2.35 (10.8, 12.2, 14.6) | |
| 2–4 episodes/wk | 413 | 12.64 ± 2.48 (10.8, 12, 14.2) | |
| ≥4 episodes/week | 341 | 12.4 ± 2.56 (10.6, 11.8, 13.7) | |
| Physical Health | |||
| Hypertension | 0.24 | ||
| No | 1261 | 12.56 ± 2.57 (10.7, 12, 14.2) | |
| Yes | 728 | 12.7 ± 2.6 (10.8, 12.1, 14.3) | |
| High Cholesterol | 0.14 | ||
| No | 1641 | 12.57 ± 2.57 (10.7, 12, 14.2) | |
| Yes | 348 | 12.8 ± 2.6 (10.8, 12.2, 14.3) | |
| Diabetes | 0.84 | ||
| No | 1890 | 12.61 ± 2.59 (10.7, 12, 14.2) | |
| Yes | 99 | 12.56 ± 2.34 (10.9, 12.1, 13.8) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.03 | ||
| No | 1680 | 12.56 ± 2.56 (10.7, 12, 14.1) | |
| Yes | 309 | 12.91 ± 2.65 (10.9, 12.4, 14.8) | |
| Hormone treatment ever | 0.86 | ||
| No | 1083 | 12.6 ± 2.49 (10.7, 12.1, 14.1) | |
| Yes | 906 | 12.62 ± 2.68 (10.8, 12, 14.3) | |
a
PM2.5 represents the distribution of the individual-level summary of all time-varying 3-year exposures aggregated from the daily exposure levels estimated at each residential location using the spatiotemporal model.
b
p values estimated from ANOVA F-tests or t-tests