Table 1.

Participant Characteristics and Baseline Smoking Beliefs, by Study Condition

	Study condition
Characteristics	Nicotine messaging (n=263) %	Combined controls (n=258) %	Total (n=521) %	p-value
Sex				0.516
Female	46.8	49.6	48.2
Male	53.2	50.4	51.8
Age, years				0.605
18–24	9.5	11.6	10.6
25–34	44.9	46.9	45.9
35–44	27.4	20.9	24.2
45–54	8.4	10.5	9.4
55–64	6.8	7.4	7.1
≥65	3.0	2.7	2.9
Hispanic ethnicity				0.524
No	88.6	90.3	89.4
Yes	11.4	9.7	10.6
Race				0.342
White	82.1	79.1	80.6
Black or African American	8.4	6.6	7.5
American Indian or Alaska Native	1.1	0.8	1.0
Asian	5.3	8.5	6.9
More than 1 race	2.7	3.1	2.9
Other	0.4	1.9	1.2
Highest level of education completed				0.282
Less than high school	0.4	1.6	1.0
High school/GED	14.1	10.9	12.5
Some college/Associate’s degree	35.7	32.9	34.4
Bachelor’s/Advanced degree	49.8	54.7	52.2
Subjective financial status				0.949
Live comfortably	22.1	23.3	22.6
Meet needs with a little left	43.7	44.2	44.0
Just meet basic expenses	30.4	28.3	29.4
Don’t meet basic expenses	3.8	4.3	4.0
Single-item literacy screener				0.468
Adequate reading ability	87.5	85.3	86.4
Limited reading ability	12.5	14.7	13.6
Use of tobacco products, past 30 days				0.434
None	63.1	57.8	60.5
Other tobacco products only	5.7	6.2	6.0
E-cigarettes	6.1	10.1	8.1
Cigarettes	18.6	17.8	18.2
Cigarettes and e-cigarettes	6.5	8.1	7.3
Baseline smoking beliefsa
Nicotine is the main substance in tobacco that makes people want to smoke	1.95 (1.03)	2.08 (1.13)	2.01 (1.08)	0.179
Smoking behavior is something basic about a person that they can’t change very much	4.89 (1.26)	4.91 (1.32)	4.90 (1.29)	0.851

Notes: Missing data: None. Column percentages unless otherwise noted. Boldface indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).

^aMean (SD).