Table I.
Means of Study Variables at Baseline
| Enrolled in study | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not in | p- | Sample | |||
| study | Control | Treatment | value | size | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| Panel A: Stratification variables | |||||
| Male | 0.536 | 0.426 | 0.428 | .902 | 12,459 |
| Age 50+ | 0.430 | 0.323 | 0.327 | .818 | 12,459 |
| Age 37–49 | 0.362 | 0.340 | 0.332 | .591 | 12,459 |
| White | 0.774 | 0.841 | 0.836 | .648 | 12,459 |
| Salary Q1 (bottom quartile) | 0.234 | 0.244 | 0.242 | .881 | 12,459 |
| Salary Q2 | 0.189 | 0.255 | 0.259 | .773 | 12,459 |
| Salary Q3 | 0.197 | 0.249 | 0.250 | .924 | 12,459 |
| Faculty | 0.298 | 0.196 | 0.201 | .721 | 12,459 |
| Academic staff | 0.324 | 0.443 | 0.437 | .712 | 12,459 |
| Panel B: 2016 survey variables | |||||
| Ever screened | 0.885 | 0.892 | .503 | 4,834 | |
| Physically active | 0.359 | 0.382 | .134 | 4,834 | |
| Trying to be active | 0.822 | 0.809 | .278 | 4,834 | |
| Current smoker (cigarettes) | 0.072 | 0.065 | .428 | 4,833 | |
| Current smoker (other) | 0.085 | 0.085 | .960 | 4,833 | |
| Former smoker | 0.198 | 0.196 | .870 | 4,833 | |
| Drinker | 0.657 | 0.645 | .423 | 4,830 | |
| Heavy drinker | 0.050 | 0.049 | .955 | 4,829 | |
| Chronic condition | 0.729 | 0.726 | .824 | 4,834 | |
| Excellent or v. good health | 0.586 | 0.602 | .281 | 4,834 | |
| Not poor health | 0.989 | 0.989 | .882 | 4,834 | |
| Physical problems | 0.392 | 0.388 | .793 | 4,834 | |
| Lots of energy | 0.310 | 0.330 | .171 | 4,834 | |
| Bad emotional health | 0.308 | 0.288 | .162 | 4,834 | |
| Overweight | 0.545 | 0.533 | .438 | 4,834 | |
| High BP/cholesterol/glucose | 0.308 | 0.295 | .354 | 4,834 | |
| Sedentary | 0.545 | 0.542 | .846 | 4,833 | |
| Pharmaceutical drug utilization | 0.723 | 0.706 | .205 | 4,830 | |
| Physician/ER utilization | 0.772 | 0.748 | .077 | 4,833 | |
| Hospital utilization | 0.038 | 0.027 | .054 | 4,833 | |
| Any sick days in past year | 0.618 | 0.600 | .232 | 4,828 | |
| Worked 50+ hours/week | 0.187 | 0.173 | .234 | 4,831 | |
| Very satisfied with job | 0.396 | 0.408 | .415 | 4,832 | |
| Very or somewhat satisfied with job | 0.836 | 0.845 | .419 | 4,832 | |
| Management priority on health/safety | 0.771 | 0.782 | .401 | 4,831 | |
| Sample size | 7,625 | 1,534 | 3,300 | ||
| Joint balance test for Panel A (p-value) | 1.000 | 4,834 | |||
| Joint balance test for Panel B (p-value) | .821 | 4,817 | |||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| Panel C: Health claims variables (2015–2016) | |||||
| Total spending (dollars/month) | 579 | 506 | 465 | .317 | 8,096 |
| Office spending | 54 | 67 | 58 | .498 | 8,096 |
| Hospital spending | 345 | 283 | 259 | .369 | 8,096 |
| Drug spending | 105 | 103 | 101 | .911 | 8,096 |
| Nonzero medical spending | 0.888 | 0.899 | 0.885 | .253 | 8,096 |
| Panel D: Health behavior and productivity variables | |||||
| Sick leave (days/year) | 5.89 | 6.05 | 6.13 | .707 | 12,459 |
| Annual salary (dollars) | 73,927 | 61,528 | 61,736 | .840 | 12,221 |
| IL Marathon/10K/5K (2014–2016) | 0.072 | 0.107 | 0.118 | .257 | 12,459 |
| Campus gym visits (days/year) | 6.14 | 7.36 | 6.78 | .483 | 12,459 |
| Sample size | 7,625 | 1,534 | 3,300 | ||
| Joint balance test for Panel C (p-value) | .764 | 3,223 | |||
| Joint balance test for Panel D (p-value) | .752 | 4,770 | |||
Notes. Columns (1)–(3) report unweighted means for different, nonoverlapping subsets of university employees. Column (4) reports the p-value from a joint test of equality of the two coefficients reported in columns (2)–(3). The joint balance test rows report the p-value from jointly testing whether the variables in a particular panel predict enrollment into treatment.