Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the matched population
| Alcohol intoxication group | Thyrotoxicosis group | Myocardial infarction group | Surgery group | Infection group | >1 precipitant group | |||||||
| secondary precipitant: | + n=335 |
− n=335 |
+ n=2507 |
−n=2507 | + n=4773 |
− n=4773 |
+ n=5229 |
− n=5229 |
+ n=21 824 |
− n=21 824 |
+ n=5055 |
− n=5055 |
| Demographics | ||||||||||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 59 (49–66) | 59 (49–66) | 73 (63–81) | 73 (63–81) | 77 (69–83) | 77 (69–83) | 75 (67–82) | 75 (67–82) | 79 (71–86) | 79 (71–86) | 76 (68–83) | 76 (68–83) |
| Male, n (%) | 276 (82.4) | 276 (82.4) | 521 (20.8) | 521 (20.8) | 2705 (56.7) | 2705 (56.7) | 2724 (52.1) | 2724 (52.1) | 10 370 (47.5) | 10 370 (47.5) | 2676 (52.9) | 2676 (52.9) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Cancer | 16 (4.8) | 29 (8.7) | 288 (11.5) | 296 (11.8) | 586 (12.3) | 688 (14.4) | 1349 (25.8) | 882 (16.9) | 4341 (19.9) | 3571 (16.4) | 958 (19.0) | 807 (16.0) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 11 (3.3) | 8 (2.4) | 61 (2.4) | 49 (2.0) | 289 (6.1) | 233 (4.7) | 352 (6.7) | 198 (3.8) | 1564 (7.2) | 748 (3.4) | 431 (8.5) | 212 (4.2) |
| COPD* | 28 (8.4) | 23 (6.9) | 234 (9.3) | 221 (8.8) | 619 (13.0) | 565 (11.8) | 665 (12.7) | 520 (9.9) | 4696 (21.5) | 2093 (9.6) | 914 (18.1) | 519 (10.3) |
| Diabetes | 26 (7.8) | 18 (5.4) | 189 (7.5) | 159 (6.3) | 575 (12.0) | 556 (11.6) | 503 (9.6) | 423 (8.1) | 2167 (9.9) | 1737 (8.0) | 498 (9.9) | 554 (11.0) |
| Heart failure | 24 (7.2) | 18 (5.4) | 445 (17.8) | 388 (15.5) | 1660 (34.8) | 1076 (22.5) | 966 (18.5) | 851 (16.3) | 5109 (23.4) | 3709 (17.0) | 1574 (31.1) | 925 (18.3) |
| Hypertension | 64 (19.1) | 78 (23.3) | 1309 (52.2) | 1249 (49.8) | 3290 (68.9) | 3204 (67.1) | 2484 (47.5) | 2695 (51.5) | 10 445 (47.9) | 11 475 (52.6) | 2694 (53.3) | 3007 (59.5) |
| IHD† | 43 (12.8) | 53 (15.8) | 333 (13.3) | 455 (18.1) | 4773 (100) | 1604 (33.6) | 1753 (33.5) | 1332 (25.5) | 4696 (21.5) | 5069 (23.2) | 3072 (60.8) | 1423 (28.2) |
| PAD‡ | 7 (2.1) | 8 (2.4) | 78 (3.1) | 83 (3.3) | 375 (7.9) | 293 (6.1) | 468 (9.0) | 233 (4.5) | 1392 (6.4) | 932 (4.3) | 448 (8.9) | 269 (5.3) |
| Prior bleeding event | 81 (24.2) | 42 (12.5) | 243 (9.7) | 249 (9.9) | 722 (15.1) | 715 (15.0) | 1267 (24.2) | 833 (15.9) | 4319 (19.8) | 3463 (15.9) | 1171 (23.2) | 811 (16.0) |
| Prior thromboembolic event | 24 (7.2) | 24 (7.2) | 138 (5.5) | 183 (7.3) | 483 (10.1) | 698 (14.6) | 571 (10.9) | 570 (10.9) | 2651 (12.1) | 2278 (10.4) | 603 (11.9) | 635 (12.6) |
| Risk scores | ||||||||||||
| CHA2DS2-VASc§ | ||||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 4 (3–5) | 3 (3–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 4 (2–5) | 3 (2.4) |
| 0 | 158 (47.2) | 158 (47.2) | 405 (16.2) | 405 (16.2) | 0 | 0 | 391 (7.5) | 391 (7.5) | 1328 (6.1) | 1328 (6.1) | 269 (5.3) | 269 (5.3) |
| 1–2 | 118 (35.2) | 118 (35.2) | 530 (3.0) | 530 (3.0) | 670 (14.0) | 670 (14.0) | 1406 (26.9) | 1406 (26.9) | 5148 (23.6) | 5148 (23.6) | 1005 (19.9) | 1005 (19.9) |
| ≥3 | 59 (17.6) | 59 (17.6) | 1572 (62.7) | 1572 (62.7) | 4103 (86.0) | 4103 (86.0) | 3432 (65.6) | 3432 (65.6) | 15 348 (70.3) | 15 348 (70.3) | 3781 (74.8) | 3781 (74.8) |
| HAS-BLED¶ | ||||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 3 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 355 (14.2) | 331 (13.2) | 134 (2.8) | 76 (1.6) | 289 (5.5) | 381 (7.3) | 1003 (4.6) | 1147 (5.2) | 208 (4.1) | 242 (4.8) |
| 1–2 | 232 (69.3) | 155 (46.3) | 1460 (58.2) | 1440 (57.4) | 2552 (53.5) | 2863 (54.8) | 2863 (54.8) | 2935 (56.1) | 12 130 (55.6) | 12 129 (55.6) | 2422 (47.9) | 2638 (52.2) |
| ≥3 | 103 (30.8) | 52 (15.5) | 692 (27.6) | 736 (29.4) | 2145 (6.7) | 2077 (6.5) | 2077 (39.7) | 1913 (36.6) | 8691 (39.8) | 8548 (39.2) | 2425 (48.0) | 2175 (43.0) |
| Pharmacotherapy, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| OAC** therapy, n (%) | 33 (9.9) | 33 (9.9) | 1100 (43.9) | 1100 (43.9) | 1311 (27.5) | 1311 (27.5) | 1150 (22.0) | 1150 (22.0) | 5985 (27.4) | 5985 (27.4) | 1087 (21.5) | 1087 (21.5) |
| Amiodarone | 3 | 6 (1.8) | 33 (1.3) | 62 (2.5) | 359 (7.5) | 158 (3.3) | 443 (8.5) | 163 (3.1) | 617 (2.8) | 574 (2.6) | 418 (8.3) | 154 (3.0) |
| Digoxin | 49 (14.6) | 29 (8.7) | 1000 (39.9) | 916 (36.5) | 1207 (25.3) | 1502 (31.5) | 1089 (20.8) | 1285 (24.6) | 7973 (36.5) | 6286 (28.8) | 1184 (23.4) | 1223 (24.2) |
| Flecainide | 0 (0) | 3 | 13 (0.5) | 29 (1.2) | 9 (0.2) | 32 (0.7) | 12 (0.2) | 52 (1.0) | 40 (0.2) | 156 (0.7) | 6 (0.1) | 27 (0.5) |
*COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
†IHD, ischaemic heart disease.
‡PAD, peripheral artery disease.
§CHA2DS2-VASc: Risk score for stroke: congestive heart failure/LV function, hypertension, age 65–74 years, age >74 years (two points), diabetes, stroke/transientischaemic attack/systemic embolism (two points), vascular disease, sex category (female).
¶HAS-BLED: Risk score for bleeding: hypertension, abnormal renal/liver function, history of stroke, history of bleeding, internationalnormalised ratio (left out due to missing data), age >65 years, drug consumption with antiplatelet agents/non-steroidal inflammatory drugs, alcohol abuse.
**OAC, oral anticoagulation.