Figure 6.

Cytotoxicity of 2D MoO₃ nanoribbons compared against that of reference high aspect ratio materials, molybdenum nanoparticles and soluble molybdate ions. Assessment of murine macrophage viability after 1h (A, D), 7h (B, E) and 24h (C, F) exposures was determined using the Invitrogen LIVE/DEAD assay, with calcein AM staining live cells (green fluorescence) and ethidium homodimer 1 staining dead cells (red fluorescence). No decrease in viability was detected in cells exposed to 2D MoO₃ nanoribbons. Only crocidolite asbestos, significantly decreased viability after both 7 and 24 h of exposure (A, B, C). A slight, but significant decrease in viability was induced by 24h exposure to MoO₃ nanoparticles, while soluble molybdate ions did not adversely affect cell viability (F). #p<0.05; *p<0.01; ***p<0.0001.