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Structure and diversity of sialic acids. There are over 50 Sia monosaccharide derivatives. All Sia contain characteristic carboxylate group at C–1 that is attached to the C–2 anomeric carbon, a glycerol-like side chain (C–7, C–8, C–9) protruding out of the 6-carbon ring of a cyclic Sia, and an acylated amino group. Sia can be further diversified by various substitutions with acetyl, glycolyl, methyl, lactyl or sulfate, as depicted
