Table 1:
Background characteristics of the study population based on cord leptin status; Rhea birth cohort, Crete Greece (n=424).
| Cord leptin<10th percentile | Cord leptin 10th–90th percentile | Cord leptin>90th percentile | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=42 | n=345 | n=37 | ||
| Maternal-Paternal socio–demographic and lifestyle characteristics | ||||
| Maternal age at birth (years); Mean (SD) | 30.0 (5.4) | 29.7 (4.9) | 29.4 (4.2) | 0.88 |
| Married; n (%) | 38 (92.7) | 296 (89.7) | 32 (88.9) | 0.82 |
| Greek; n (%) | 39 (92.9) | 328 (95.9) | 31 (86.1) | 0.04 |
| Primiparous; n (%) | 14 (33.3) | 145 (42.3) | 14 (38.9) | 0.52 |
| Maternal education; n (%) | 0.63 | |||
| Low | 6 (14.6) | 63 (18.9) | 9 (25.0) | |
| Medium | 25 (61.0) | 168 (50.3) | 17 (47.2) | |
| High | 10 (24.4) | 103 (30.8) | 10 (27.8) | |
| Smoking at the first prenatal visit; n (%) | 11 (26.8) | 51 (15.6) | 3 (8.3) | 0.08 |
| Pre-pregnant BMI; n (%) | 0.78 | |||
| < 25 kg/m2 | 26 (65.0) | 210 (64.0) | 21 (58.3) | |
| ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 14 (35.0) | 118 (36.0) | 15 (41.7) | |
| Weight gain during pregancy; n (%) | 0.09 | |||
| Below recomendations | 11 (33.3) | 64 (22.8) | 2 (6.5) | |
| According to recommendations | 10 (30.3) | 97 (34.5) | 10 (32.3) | |
| Above recommendations | 12 (36.4) | 120 (42.7) | 19 (61.3) | |
| Gestational diabetes; n (%) | 3 (8.3) | 18 (6.0) | 1 (3.5) | 0.70 |
| Gestationa hypetension; n (%) | 4 (10.8) | 13 (4.4) | 2 (7.1) | 0.23 |
| Obstetrical, neonatal and infant characteristics | ||||
| Caesarian section; n (%) | 25 (59.5) | 168 (49.1) | 9 (24.3) | 0.01 |
| Males; n (%) | 32 (76.2) | 182 (52.8) | 10 (27.0) | 0.00 |
| Birthweight (g); Mean (SD) | 2811.7 (415.3) | 3211.7 (411.7) | 3482.8 (421.7) | 0.00 |
| Ponderal index (kg/m3); Median (IQR) | 23.4 (3.0) | 24.8 (3.0) | 25.7 (3.7) | 0.00 |
| Gestational age (weeks); Median (IQR) | 37 (3) | 38 (1) | 39 (1) | 0.00 |
| Breastfeeding duration (months); Median (IQR) | 2 (3.4) | 3 (5) | 3 (6.5) | 0.18 |
| Adipokine profile at the age of 4 | ||||
| Adiponectin (μg/ml); Median (IQR) | 13.6 (8.9) | 12.9 (8.1) | 11.4 (9.9) | 0.40 |
| Leptin (ng/ml); Median (IQR) | 2.2 (2.2) | 1.9 (1.6) | 2.4 (2.6) | 0.25 |
SD: Standard Deviation, IQR: Interquartile Range; BMI: Body Mass Index
Bold indicates significant differences of ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis test for continuous variables and x2 analysis for categorical variables. Numbers may not correspond to the total due to missing numbers.
Cord leptin levels: under the 10th percentile: <2.1 ng/mL and over the 90th percentile>14.6 ng/mL.