Table 3:
Association of cord leptin with child neuropsychomotor neuropsychological development according to pre-pregnant BMI, weight gain during pregnancy and infant sex; ‘Rhea’ mother–child cohort, Crete, Greece.
| Cord leptin (Per 10 ng/ml) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal pre–pregnancy BMI | P for interaction | Weight gain during pregnancy | P for interaction | Infant sex | P for interaction | |||||
| BMI<25kg/m2 | BMI≥25kg/m2 | Less than recommended/According to recommendations | More than recommended | Males | Females | |||||
| Adjusted β (95%CI) | Adjusted β (95%CI) | Adjusted β (95%CI) | Adjusted β (95%CI) | Adjusted β (95%CI) | Adjusted β (95%CI) | |||||
| 18 months | Bayley Scales of Infant & Toddler Development | |||||||||
| Cognitive | −1.0 (−5.3, 3.3) | 2.3 (−6.0, 10.7) | 0.298 | −1.5 (−5.8, 2.9) | 1.5 (−4.8, 7.8) | 0.687 | −0.6 (−6.8, 5.7) | −1.3 (−6.0, 3.5) | 0.812 | |
| Receptive | −0.2 (−4.0, 3.6) | 2.8 (−6.5, 12.1) | 0.878 | 0.5 (−3.5, 4.8) | 2.3 (−4.2, 8.7) | 0.919 | 1.1 (−5.1, 7.3) | −0.3 (−4.8, 4.3) | 0.980 | |
| Expressive | −0.5 (−4.5, 3.6) | 8.7 (−1.2, 18.6) | 0.208 | −0.8 (−5.3, 3.7) | 3.8 (−4.2, 11.7) | 0.359 | 1.0 (−5.6, 7.5) | −1.0 (−6.0, 4.0) | 0.692 | |
| Fine Motor | −2.2 (−8.8, 4.5) | −1.6 (−10.2, 7.0) | 0.839 | −0.7 (−4.1, 5.6) | −1.0 (−6.9, 5.0) | 0.893 | −2.2 (−8.8, 4.5) | 0.2 (−4.6, 5.0) | 0.559 | |
| Gross Motor | 2.4 (−1.8, 6.5) | 11.8 (−3.5, 20.1) | 0.130 | 2.9 (−2.4, 8.2) | 7.2 (0.4, 14.0) | 0.657 | 7.5 (0.8, 14.1) | 1.1 (−4.1, 6.3) | 0.367 | |
| 4 years | McCarthy scales of Children’s Abilities | |||||||||
| General Cognitive scale | −3.2 (−6.8, 0.5) | −1.5 (−5.3, 2.3) | 0.889 | −0.3 (−4.3, 3.8) | −4.9 (−8.7, −1.2) | 0.088 | −1.8 (−6.3, 2.7) | −3.9 (−7.2, −0.6) | 0.706 | |
| Verbal scale | −0.0 (−3.8, 3.8) | −1.9 (−5.5, 1.7) | 0.234 | 0.1 (−3.7, 4.0) | −2.7 (−6.8, 1.4) | 0.187 | −1.2 (−5.8, 3.4) | −1.7 (−5.1, 1.6) | 0.911 | |
| Perceptual performance scale | −5.4 (−9.0, −1.9) | −0.9 (−5.1, 3.3) | 0.066 | 0.1 (−4.4, 4.2) | −6.6 (−10.2, −3.0) | 0.041 | −1.5 (−6.1, 3.2) | −5.1 (−8.4, −1.8) | 0.532 | |
| Quantitative scale | −3.7 (−7.5, 0.1) | −0.6 (−4.6, 3.4) | 0.750 | −0.6 (−5.1, 3.9) | −2.5 (−6.5, 1.5) | 0.549 | −1.5 (−6.2, 3.2) | −3.9 (−7.4, −0.4) | 0.492 | |
| Memory scale | −1.1 (−5.0, 2.8) | −1.0 (−4.9, 3.0) | 0.639 | −0.7 (−3.5, 4.8) | −2.8 (−7.1, 1.5) | 0.302 | −1.1 (−3.6, 5.8) | −3.3 (−6.8, 0.1) | 0.391 | |
| Working memory | −3.0 (−6.8, 0.8) | −2.3 (−6.4, 1.9) | 0.770 | −1.9 (−6.4, 2.7) | −3.4 (−7.5, 0.8) | 0.516 | −3.1 (−7.9, 1.7) | −3.9 (−7.5, −0.3) | 0.851 | |
| Memory span | −1.7 (−5.6, 2.2) | −0.5 (−4.7, 3.8) | 0.663 | −0.2 (−4.1, 4.5) | −2.0 (−6.3, 2.3) | 0.662 | −2.0 (−2.8, 6.8) | −4.2 (−7.7, −0.8) | 0.201 | |
| Motor scale | −2.7 (−6.6, 1.2) | 1.3 (−3.2, 5.8) | 0.145 | 0.3 (−4.2, 4.9) | −1.8 (−5.8, 2.3) | 0.496 | 2.8 (−2.1, 7.7) | −3.6 (−7.3, −0.1) | 0.145 | |
| Executive functions | −0.0 (−3.8, 3.8) | −1.9 (−5.5, 1.7) | 0.537 | −0.0 (−4.2, 4.2) | −4.4 (−8.2, −0.6) | 0.070 | −1.2 (−5.8, 3.4) | −1.7 (−5.1, 1.6) | 0.895 | |
| Functions of posterior cortex | −3.0 (−6.6, 0.7) | −1.3 (−5.0, 2.5) | 0.669 | −0.6 (−4.5, 3.4) | −4.7 (−8.6, −0.9) | 0.217 | −0.3 (−4.7, 4.1) | −4.2 (−7.5, −0.8) | 0.385 | |
| 6 years | Raven | |||||||||
| Total score | −4.6 (−9.0, −0.3) | −3.5 (−8.3, 1.2) | 0.750 | −3.1 (−8.8, 2.6) | −5.7 (−10.2, −1.3) | 0.634 | −5.2 (−11.4, 0.9) | −3.3 (−7.3, 0.6) | 0.293 | |
| Trail Making Test | ||||||||||
| Test A response time (log trans.) | −3.3 (−12.8, 17.2) | −1.4 (−14.1, 13.2) | 0.559 | −12.7 (−23.5, −0.3) | 3.5 (−7.6, 15.9) | 0.089 | −0.0 (−14.5, 16.9) | 3.0 (−6.7, 13.7) | 0.814 | |
| Test B response time (log trans.) | 4.1 (−9.2, 19.4) | −5.3 (−17.1, 8.2) | 0.150 | 0.4 (−14.7, 18.1) | −6.5 (−19.5, 8.6) | 0.720 | −5.1 (−20.8, 13.6) | 3.8 (−8.0, 17.0) | 0.722 | |
| Finger Tapping Test | ||||||||||
| Sum of dominant hand | −3.1 (−8.1, 1.9) | 0.0 (−6.9, 6.9) | 0.337 | 1.3 (−5.4, 7.9) | −5.0 (−11.0, 1.1) | 0.200 | −1.6 (−6.4, 3.2) | 1.8 (−5.0, 8.6) | 0.877 | |
| Sum of non–dominant hand | 0.6 (−6.4, 7.7) | 2.5 (−4.0, 9.0) | 0.655 | 10.2 (−1.4, 21.8) | 1.5 (−3.8, 6.8) | 0.650 | 0.6 (−6.4, 7.7) | 7.0 (1.2, 12.9) | 0.355 | |
Adjusted for pre–pregnant BMI, maternal age at birth, maternal education, maternal smoking during the first prenatal visit, weight gain during pregnancy, type of delivery, infant sex, birth weight, gestational age and for i) 18 months: quality of assessment (Bayley), ii) 4 years: examiner and quality of assessment (McCarthy), and iii) 6 years: age at measurement;
Values in bold indicate coefficients that are statistically significant at the 95% level.