Table 3.
General Linear Models of Social Engagement regressed on Type of Sensory Impairment, Depression, and Cognition, Controlling for Co-morbidity (N = 213)
| Model | Variable | Estimate (SE) | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sensory Impairment | 0.069 | ||
| Vision | 0.96 (0.65) | [−0.31, 2.24] | 0.138 | |
| Hearing | 0.99 (0.45) | [0.11, 1.87] | 0.027 | |
| Dual | REF | REF | ||
| Co-morbidity – CIRS | 0.11 (0.05) | [0.01, 0.22] | 0.029 | |
| 2 | Depression – GDS | −0.16 (0.03) | [−0.23, −0.09] | <.0001 |
| Co-morbidity – CIRS | 0.14 (0.05) | [0.04, 0.24] | 0.006 | |
| 3 | Cognition – MMSE | 0.09 (0.04) | [0.01, 0.18] | 0.031 |
| Co-morbidity – CIRS | 0.10 (0.05) | [−0.002, 0.20] | 0.054 | |
| 4 | Sensory Impairment | 0.277 | ||
| Vision | 0.74 (0.62) | [−0.47, 1.96] | 0.228 | |
| Hearing | 0.63 (0.43) | [−0.22, 1.48] | 0.148 | |
| Dual | REF | REF | ||
| Depression – GDS | −0.17 (0.03) | [−0.23, −0.10] | <.0001 | |
| Cognition – MMSE | 0.10 (0.04) | [0.01, 0.18] | 0.022 | |
| Co-morbidity – CIRS | 0.11 (0.05) | [0.01, 0.21] | 0.029 |
*
All models are adjusted for co-morbidity as measured by CIRS
REF = reference category; SE = standard error; CI = confidence interval; ETDRS: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study; PTA: Pure Tone Average; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE: Mini-Mental Status Examination; CIRS: Cumulative Illness Rating Scale.