Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of depressed patients after a recent suicide attempt (Attempters), depressed patients with suicidal ideation (Ideators), non-suicidal depressed patients and healthy subjects.
| Attempter s |
Ideator s |
Non-Suicidal Depressed |
Healthy controls |
Adjuste d p |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 10 | 9 | 15 | 18 | |
| Age | 34.2±10.9 | 30.1±9.4 | 42.7±14.7 | 33.0±11.3 | 0.08 |
| Gender (m) | 4 (40%) | 3 (33%) | 8 (53%) | 7 (39%) | 0.18 |
| Race | 0.64 | ||||
| White | 8 (80%) | 8 (89%) | 10 (67%) | 14 (78%) | |
| Black | 2 (20%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (27%) | 3 (17%) | |
| Other | 0 (0%) | 1 (11%) | 1 (7%) | 1 (6%) | |
| Marital status | 0.47 | ||||
| Single | 5 (50%) | 5 (56%) | 9 (60%) | 10 (56%) | |
| Long term relationship | 3 (30%) | 3 (33%) | 2 (13%) | 5 (28%) | |
| Divorced/widow | 2 (20%) | 1 (11%) | 4 (27%) | 3 (17%) | |
| Right handed | 10 (100%) | 7 (78%) | 12 (80%) | 15 (83%) | 0.87 |
| Education (years) | 12.8±1.3 | 13.7±2.4 | 13.6±1.9 | 15.6±4.6 | 0.08 |
| Functioning level | |||||
| Student or working/unemployed, disabled or retired | 5 (50%) | 7 (78%) | 8 (53%) | 15 (83%) | 0.067 |
| 5 (50%) | 2 (22%) | 7 (47%) | 3 (17%) | ||
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Diagnosis | 0.201 1 | ||||
| Major depression | 6 (60%) | 9 (100%) | 11 (73%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Bipolar disorder | 3 (30%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (27%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Depression NOS | 1 (10%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Depression (BDI) | 34.9±16.7d | 39.8±7.2 c,d | 31.2±7.9 b,d | 1.5±1.7a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Anxiety (BAI) | 23.0±17.1d | 28.8±7.5d | 24.0±10.7d | 2.8±3.8 a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Hopelessness (BHS) | 10.3±1.6 d | 10.7±1.7 d | 10.1±2.2 d | 8.6±0.9 a,b,c | 0.005 |
| Individuals on medications | |||||
| Antidepressants | 4 (40%) | 5 (56%) | 7 (47%) | 0 (0%) | 0.001 |
| Mood stabilizers | 3 (30%) | 1 (11%) | 1 (7%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Antipsychotic drugs | 1 (10%) | 3 (33%) | 4 (27%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Benzodiazepines | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (20%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Sleep | 1.9±1.0d | 2.1±.7d | 1.9±.7d | .3±.5 a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Childhood trauma (CTQ) | |||||
| Emotional Abuse | 12.0±6.6 | 14.3±7.0 d | 10.8±5.6 | 7.2±3.5 b | 0.011 |
| Physical Abuse | 9.7±5.9 | 11.9±6.2 d | 9.9±4.0 | 6.3±1.7 b | 0.013 |
| Sexual Abuse | 12.5±7.6 | 9.0±8.4 | 7.9±5.9 | 7.1±5.0 | 0.199 |
| Emotional Neglect | 14.3±7.1 d | 13.2±5.0 d | 13.8±5.0 d | 7.0±2.9 a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Physical Neglect | 9.2±3.8 | 7.0±1.9 | 7.9±3.6 | 6.1±2.1 | 0.06 |
| Total | 57.3±10.6d | 54.3±10.4 d | 47.3±9.5 | 34.7±8.7 a,b | 0.005 |
| Trail Making A (s) | 25.0±7.7 | 24.0±6.6 | 24.5±7.2 | 20.2±5.7 | 0.202 |
| Suicide related measures | |||||
| Presence of suicidal ideation | 4 (40%) | 8 (89%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 1 |
| Severity of suicidal ideation | 1.0±1.6c,d | 1.5±1.0 c,d | 0.0±0 a,b | 0.0±0.0 a,b | <0.001 |
| Lifetime suicide attempts | 10 (100%) | 4 (44%) | 6 (40%) | 0 (0%) | 0.006 1 |
| Number of suicide attempts | 2.8±2.2b,c,d | 0.4±0.5 a | 0.6±0.2 a | 0.0±0.0 a | <0.001 |
| Negative reaction to Social exclusion | 70.0 | 63.6 | 75.0 | 68.4 | 0.326 |
| Pain processing | |||||
| Pressure pain threshold | 13.7±4.5b,c,d | 9.8±4.6a | 10.2±5.1a | 8.8±3.2 a | 0.041 |
| Psychache | 42.4±18.2b, d | 53.9±8.4 a,c,d | 34.9±9.6 b,d | 15.5±3.7 a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Current physical pain | 1.8±2.7 | 0.8±1.2 | 1.8±2.5 | 0.5±1.0 | 0.175 |
| Usual physical pain in last 15 days | 2.9±2.9 d | 1.8±1.7 | 2.9±2.6 d | 0.4±0.9 a,c | 0.004 |
| Maximal physical pain in last 15 days | 4.1±3.9 d | 2.9±3.1 | 3.9±2.4 d | 0.8±1.0 a,c | 0.003 |
| Current psychological pain | 7.2±3.0 c,d | 6.7±2.6 c,d | 3.9±2.8 a,b,d | 0.2±0.9 a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Usual psychological pain in last 15 days | 7.3±3.1 c,d | 7.7±2.6 c,d | 4.9±2.1 a,b,d | 0.7±2.1 a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Maximal psychological pain in last 15 days | 8.2±3.2 c,d | 8.7±2.1 c,d | 6.3±2.6 a,b,d | 1.1±2.1 a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Suicidal Ideas | 5.0±3.8 c,d | 3.8±3.1 c,d | 0.8±1.9 a,b | 0.0±.0 a,b | <0.001 |
Mean ± standard deviation
ANOVA was performed for all demographic variables. GLM with correction for age, gender, race, marital status, education years and functioning level was performed to compare all clinical variables between the four groups, except for * Yates chi square
a
compared to Attempters group;
b
compared to Ideators group;
c
compared to depressed non-suicidal group;
d
compared to healthy control group;
1
Chi square between Attempters, Ideators and depressed non-suicidal groups