Table 3.

Cerebral atrophy in moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. Effects on gray matter tissue.

Brain regions	Volume loss	Study types	Number of subjects	References
Global	− 1.55%	Cross-sectional	Injured: 22 Control: 27	Gooijers et al.27
Cortical thickness	From − 10.7 to − 20.4%	Cross-sectional	Injured: 1 Control: 43	Turken et al.59
	− 0.11 mm	Cross-sectional	Insured: 26 Control: 22	Palacios et al.47
Bilateral thalamus	–	Longitudinal: 1 year	Injured: 61 Control: 32	Cole et al.10
	–	Longitudinal: 11 months	Injured: 35 Control: 36	Bendlin et al.3
	–	Longitudinal: 10 months	Injured: 26 Control: 14	Sidaros et al.52
	Varied by hemisphere	Cross-sectional	Injured: 22 Control: 27	Gooijers et al.27
	Varied by hemisphere	Cross-sectional	Injured: 20 Control: 26	Leunissen et al.40
	–	Cross-sectional	Injured: 22 Control: 23	Salmond et al.51
	–	Cross-sectional	Injured: 8 Control: 17	Ruet et al.50
Bilateral hippocampus	–	Longitudinal: 1 year	Injured: 61 Control: 32	Cole et al.10
	–	Longitudinal: 10 months	Injured: 26 Control: 14	Sidaros et al.52
	− 10%	Longitudinal: 8 months	Injured: 25 Control: 22	Warner et al.63
	–	Cross-sectional	Injured: 26 Control: 22	Palacios et al.47
	− 3.62 mm3	Cross-sectional	Injured: 22 Control: 23	Salmond et al.51
	− 0.412 cm3	Cross-sectional	Injured: 19 Control: 19	Tomaiuolo et al.57
	Varied by hemisphere	Cross-sectional	Injured: 22 Control: 27	Gooijers et al.27
	Varied by hemisphere	Cross-sectional	Injured: 20 Control: 26	Leunissen et al.40
Bilateral pallidum	–	Longitudinal: 11 months	Injured: 35 Control: 36	Bendlin et al.3
	Varied by hemisphere	Cross-sectional	Injured: 22 Control: 27	Gooijers et al.27
Cerebellum	–	Longitudinal: 1 year	Injured: 61 Control: 32	Cole et al.10
	–	Cross-sectional	Injured: 22 Control: 23	Salmond et al.51
Insula	–	Longitudinal: 1 year	Injured: 61 Control: 32	Cole et al.10
	–	Cross-sectional	Injured: 22 Control: 23	Salmond et al.51