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. 2019 Sep 23;9:13677. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50216-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SNF and PEITC affect membrane integrity of some but not all tested bacteria. Fluorescent microscopy analysis of membrane integrity after treatment of (A) wt and ppGpp⁰ E. coli and B. subtilis strains or (B) S. epidermidis and clinical isolates of selected bacteria. Cells were incubated for 1 h with 4xMIC of ITC or 0.5% chloroform (CHL) and stained with PI; red-fluorescent bacteria have a permeabilized membrane. 10 μm scale bar is the same for all images.