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. 2019 Sep 23;9:13679. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50139-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of the oral microbiomes of cetaceans according to the species of the sampled animals. Panel (a) shows the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) (p-value = 0.001) which was performed after subsampling the OTU table to even sequencing depth and at the bacterial species level, with Hellinger transformation of the abundances. Similar results were obtained when grouping the OTUs by bacterial genera. The colour frames in both CCA plots group the samples according to the constrained variable. The major contributions of the “host species” variable are shown as % in the first and second component of the CCA plot (CCA1 and CCA2, respectively). Panel (b) shows the richness and diversity measures calculated between species (as the average observed OTUs and Shannon diversity index of each sample), using the OTU table normalized by total sum scaling. Significance of these alpha-diversity metrics was tested with Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared test followed by pairwise Wilcoxon test between groups (n.s, statistically not significant). Panel c shows the number of total OTUs in each group and the number of OTUs shared between groups. Delphinus delphis (n = 18), Phocoena phocoena (n = 10) and Stenella coeruleoalba (n = 10).