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. 2019 Sep 23;9:13720. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49689-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) A schematic of a 3-electrode lactate sensor indicating chemical reactions occurring on the working electrode including a schematic of the working electrode sensing layers on the right of (a,b) images of printed gold and Ag/AgCl electrodes prior to deposition of working electrode layers, with electrodes of 3 mm diameter, pictured straight and flexed; (c) Cyclic voltammetry graph of a TTF-mediated lactate sensor vs. Ag/AgCl reference; (d) Chronoamperometry of a lactate sensor with inset of steady-state points graphed to plot sensitivity; (e) Standard interference plot of a lactate sensor.