Fig. 6.
A. fumigatus induces higher ROS but lower cytokine levels in human PBMCs compared to A. nidulans. a Oxidative burst assayed by luminol oxidation by human PBMCs (5 × 105 cells/well) from healthy volunteers (n = 6) that were incubated with Zymosan, live resting conidia (1 × 107/mL), live germinated conidia (1 × 107/mL), or inactivated conidia (1 × 107/mL; panels from left to right). b Cytokine release by human PBMCs measured in the cell culture supernatant by ELISA were stimulated with live conidia of various strains of A. fumigatus (Af293, n = 16; ATCC204305, n = 10; V05–27, n = 10, and Ku80, n = 8) and A. nidulans (CBS114.63, n = 16; CBS119.55, n = 10, and CBS670.78, n = 5). c Cytokine release by human PBMCs induced by heat-inactivated conidia of A. fumigatus (Af293, n = 13) or A. nidulans (CBS114.63, n = 13). d IL-1Ra release measured in the cell culture supernatants of J774A.1 cells (n = 10) and BMDMs (n = 6) after stimulation with A. fumigatus (Af293) or A. nidulans (CBS114.63). All bars and dot plots represent the mean ± SEM; * p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Statistical analysis was performed with 2-way ANOVA for ROS curves and the Mann-Whitney U test for cytokine data.