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Mean posttest score (mean ± SE) in scientific reasoning skills among pretest quartiles in study 1. The problems and questions used to assess these skills were from a test of scientific reasoning developed by Lawson (1978; version 2000). These results are for 479 students from 33 courses at 11 different institutions. There are significant differences between all the quartiles in posttest scores (F(3,460) = 42.7, p < 0.001).
