Table 1.

Overview of MSC-EV-related studies conducted in animal models and in vitro for various diseases

MSC origin	Model	In vivo/in vitro potency	Associated molecule	Ref.
H - AD	Angiogenesis	Increased angiogenic capacity of endothelial cells	miR-125a	[122]
H - AD	Prostate cancer	Decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis	miR-145	[65]
H - BM	Optic nerve crush	Promoted regeneration of retinal ganglion cells axons	Argonaute-2	[34]
H - BM	Leukocyte activation (in vitro)	Decreased inflammatory cytokines in leukocytes	COX2/PGE2	[35]
H - BM	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	Promoted nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell growth	FGF19	[38]
H - BM	Breast cancer	Inhibited endothelial cell migration and tube formation using supernatants from EV-treated breast cancer cells	miR-100	[123]
H - BM	Intervertebral disc degeneration	Inhibited nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis	miR-21	[54]
H - BM	Cardiomyocyte contractility (in vitro)	Increased contractility	miR-21p	[124]
H - BM	Gastric cancer	Increased gastric cancer cell migration and invasion	miR-221	[69]
H - BM	Metastatic breast cancer	Induced dormancy	miR-23b	[125]
H - BM	Acute myeloid leukemia	Different patterns of miRNA expression in EVs	miR-26a-5p, miR-101-3p, miR-23b-5p, miR-339-3p, miR-425-5p	[126]
H - BM	Skeletal muscle regeneration	Increased myogenesis and angiogenesis	miR-494	[127]
H - BM	Acute kidney injury	Recovery from renal injury	mRNA (CCNB1, CDK8, CDC6)	[128]
H - DP	Ischemia	Increased angiogenesis	Jagged1	[31]
H - EMB	Osteochondral defect	Increased cartilage repair	CD73	[33]
H - END	Cardiac infarction (in vitro)	Anti-apoptotic/anti-angiogenic effects and cardioprotection	miR-21	[59]
Human glioma	Glioma stem cell activation (in vitro)	Increased glioma stem cell tumorigenicity	miR-1587	[129]
H - PL	Hindlimb ischemia	Increased proangiogenic effect	VEGF/miR-126	[92]
H - UC	Myocardial infarction	Increased endothelial cell migration and tube formation	PDGF-D	[32]
H - UC	Cisplatin-injured renal tubular epithelial cells (in vitro)	Protected against cisplatin-induced injury in renal tubular epithelial cells	14-3-3ζ	[37]
H - UC	Hypoxia-ischemia (in vitro)	Anti-apoptotic effect	miR-let-7e, miR-let-7a	[130]
H - UC	Hepatitis (in vitro)	Protected against infection by hepatitis C virus	miR-let-7f, miR-145, miR-199a, miR-221	[66]
H - UC	Sepsis	Increased survival in mice and decreased inflammatory cytokines in macrophages	miR-146a	[85]
H - UC	Skin defect	Reduced scar formation and myofibroblast development	miR-21, miR-23a, miR-125b, miR-145	[56]
H - UC	Skin defect in diabetes	Promoted healing of cutaneous wounds	miR-let-7b	[84]
M - BM	Acute kidney injury	Recovery from renal injury	CCR2	[36]
M - BM	Kidney transplantation	Increased graft survival	miR-146a	[131]
M - BM	Systemic sclerosis	Increased osteogenesis and decreased adipogenesis	miR-151-5p	[132]
M - BM	Breast cancer	Decreased angiogenesis	miR-16	[133]
M - BM	Hematopoietic cell activation (in vitro)	Decreased autophagy and rejuvenating effects depending on age	miR-17, miR-34a (negative effect), RNA (positive effect)	[134]
M - BM	Alzheimer’s disease	Prevented cognitive decline	miR-21	[55]
M - BM	Myocardial infarction	Promoted cardiac protection	miR-210	[91]
M - BM	Hindlimb ischemia	Restored blood perfusion and promoted angiogenesis	miR-210-3p, VEGF	[135]
M - BM	Cardiac infarction	Decreased cardiac fibrosis	miR-22	[136]
M - BM	Sepsis	Recovered cardiac function	miR-223	[137]
M - BM	Gastric cancer	Increased proliferation and migration	UBR2	[39]
M - EMB	Angiogenesis	Increased angiogenic capacity of endothelial cells	miR-30b	[138]
R - AD	Erectile dysfunction in diabetes	Restored erectile function	miR-126, miR-130a, miR-132, miR-let7b, miR-let7c	[139]
R - BM	Renal fibrosis (in vitro)	TGF-β induced epithelial mesenchymal transition in HK2 cells	miR-294, miR-133b-3p	[140]
R - BM	Stroke	Neuroprotective effects	miR-133b	[141]
R - BM	Middle cerebral artery occlusion	Promoted neurite outgrowth	miR-133b	[142]
R - BM	Colitis	Decreased colitis-associated fibrosis	miR-200b	[143]
R - BM	Ischemic cardiomyopathy (in vitro)	Reduced oxidative injury	miR-21	[58]

Abbreviations: MSC mesenchymal stem cell, EVs extracellular vesicles, H human, M mouse, R rat, BM bone marrow, AD adipose tissue, DP dental pulp, EMB embryonic, END endometrial, PL placental, UC umbilical cord, COX2 cyclooxygenase 2, PGE₂ prostaglandin E₂, FGF19 fibroblast growth factor 19, CCNB1 cyclin B1, CDK8 cyclin-dependent kinase 8, CDC6 cell division cycle 6, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, PDGF-D platelet-derived growth factor-D, CCR2 C–C chemokine receptor type 2, UBR2 ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 2, TGF tumor growth factor