Table 2.

Noncoding RNAs involved in the odontogenic differentiation of dental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells

ncRNA	Gene ID	Effects	Modes of action	Associated targets or pathways	Cell category	References
lncRNA	H19 (imprinted maternally expressed transcript)	Promotes odontogenic differentiation	(1) H19/SAHH axis	DNMT3B decreases and DLX3 increases	Human DPSCs	Zeng et al. 2018 [70, 71]
			(2) H19/miR-141/SPAG9 axis	p38 and JNK MAPK pathway	Human SCAPs	Li et al. 2019 [72]
lncRNA	DANCR (differentiation antagonizing nonprotein coding RNA)	Blocks odontoblast-like differentiation	GSK-3β and β-catenin suppression	Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway	Human DPCs	Chen et al. 2016 [65]
miRNA	miR-21	Positively modulates odontoblastic differentiation	(1) Increasing p-STAT3	A positive feedback loop in the miR-21/STAT3 signaling pathway	Human DPSCs	Xu et al. 2018 [50]
			(2) Increased by p-STAT3
miRNA	miR-143-5p	Inhibits the differentiation of human DPSCs into odontoblasts	(1) Interacting with RUNX2 3′-UTR	(1) RUNX2 suppression OPG/RANKL signaling pathway	Human DPSCs	Zhan et al. 2018 [54]
			(2) Interacting with the MAPK14 3′-UTR	(2) MAPK14 suppression p38 MAPK signaling pathway		Wang et al. 2019 [55]
miRNA	miR-140-5p	Inhibits odontogenic differentiation	Interacting with the TLR-4 3′-UTR	LPS/TLR-4 signaling pathway	Human DPSCs	Sun et al. 2017 [56]
miRNA	miR-223-3p	Promotes odontoblastic differentiation	Interacting with the BMP4 3′-UTR	SMAD3 suppression TGF-β1 signal transduction pathway	Human DPSCs	Huang et al. 2019 [51]
miRNA	miR-448	Blocks odontogenic differentiation	Interacting with the MAPK1 3′-UTR	p38 MAPK signaling pathway	Human DPSCs	Yu et al. 2019 [57]
miRNA	hsa-let-7c	Inhibits the odontogenic differentiation of IGF-1-treated human SCAPs	IGF-1/IGF-1R/hsa-let-7c axis	JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways	Human SCAPs	Ma et al. 2016 [32]
miRNA	miR-34a	Promotes odontogenic differentiation	(1) Interacting with NOTCH2 and HES1 3′-UTR	Crosstalk between miR-34a and Notch signaling	Human SCAPs	Sun et al. 2014 [52]
			(2) Activated by Notch signaling

ALP alkaline phosphatase, BMP4 bone morphogenetic protein 4, COL-I collagen type 1, DLX3 distal-less homeobox 3, DNMT3B DNA methyltransferase 3B, DMP1 dentin matrix acid phosphoprotein 1, DSPP dentin sialophosphoprotein, GSK-3β glycogen synthase kinase 3, HES hairy/enhancer of split, IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1, JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase, LPS lipopolysaccharide, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, N2ICD Notch2 intracellular domain, NICD Notch intracellular domain, OCN osteocalcin, OPG/RANKL osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand, OPN osteopontin, OSX osterix, RUNX2 runt-related transcription factor 2, SAHH S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, SMAD3 SMAD family member 3, SPAG9 sperm-associated antigen 9, STAT3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, TGF-β transforming growth factor-β, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, TLR-4 Toll-like receptor 4