Fig. 1.

Study design. The flowchart demonstrates the steps involved in our study. Consenting participants came to Auckland University Optometry Clinic on the first visit and underwent an ophthalmic examination. After ensuring participants met all inclusion criteria, they were invited to undertake two sessions of MRI scan. The scan included TSE and MSE pulse sequences for lens geometry and T2 (GRIN) measurements, respectively. The lens geometry and GRIN obtain by MRI were then combined with ocular biometric data acquired using LenStar to build accurate optical models of the right eye of each participant using the optical modelling software ZEMAX. Participants refractive errors predicted from ZEAMX were then compared with that obtained from the clinical examination.