Table 1.
Population Characteristics of the Patients Undergoing Different Types of Meditation (N = 105)a.
| Variable | Group MM (% or SD); N = 36 | Group PM (% or SD); N = 32 | Group CM (% or SD); N = 37 | Total (% or SD); Total N = 105 | P b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 62.9 ± 12.0 | 64.4 ± 11.0 | 64.1 ± 16.0 | 63.8 ± 13.0 | .08 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 28.9 ± 4.2 | 30.1 ± 5.1 | 30.0 ± 5.3 | 29.7 ± 5.4 | .53 |
| Education completed | |||||
| No education | 5 ± 1.1 | 3 ± 1.8 | 7 ± 1.3 | 15 ± 1.4 | |
| 1st to 11th grade | 12 ± 1.3 | 17 ± 2.3 | 19 ± 3.9 | 48 ± 2.5 | .48 |
| High school graduate | 9 ± 1.2 | 7 ± 1.9 | 4 ± 1.9 | 20 ± 1.6 | |
| Vocational training | 7 ± 2.6 | 4 ± 1.1 | 3 ± 1.2 | 14 ± 1.6 | |
| College degree | 3 ± 1.1 | 1 ± 1.5 | 4 ± 2.1 | 8 ± 1.5 | |
| Annual income of household | |||||
| $10 000 or less | 32 ± 8.6 | 28 ± 4.6 | 35 ± 4.0 | 95 ± 5.7 | .89 |
| $10 001-$20 000 | 3 ± 1.1 | 2 ± 1.5 | 1 ± 1.3 | 6 ± 1.3 | |
| Did not answer | 1 ± 1.4 | 2 ± 1.1 | 1 ± 1.9 | 4 ± 1.9 | |
| Duration of diabetes in years | 12.9 ± 1.3 | 12.8 ± 1.1 | 13.5 ± 1.5 | 13.0 ± 1.3 | .98 |
| HbA1c values (%) | 8.3 ± 2.1 | 9.5 ± 1.1 | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 8.3 ± 1.4 | .47 |
| Median duration of pain, years | 11 ± 1.9 | 8 ± 2.0 | 9 ± 1.4 | 28 ± 1.7 | .10 |
| Mean number of concurrent medications, n (SD) | 4 ± 1.2 | 5 ± 1.5 | 4 ± 1.7 | 4.3 ± 1.4 | .63 |
| Average daily pain in last 24 hours (BPI Q4) (SD) | 5.2 ± 1.2 | 5.0 ± 1.5 | 5.4 ± 1.9 | 5.2 ± 1.5 | .54 |
| Satisfaction scores | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.5 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | .82 |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; Group MM; mindfulness meditation; Group PM, progressive relaxation meditation; Group CM, control meditation; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; BPI, Brief Pain Inventory.
a Data are reported as mean ± SD.
b P < .05 are significant.