Certainty assessment
No. of studies	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Publication bias	Overall certainty of evidence
Survival to hospital discharge
1	Serious	Not serious	Not serious	Serious	None	⊕⊕⊖⊖ (a) Low
Morbidity rate
3	Very serious	Serious	Not serious	Serious	None	⊕⊖⊖⊖ (b) Very low
Protocol or guideline adherence
3	Very serious	Serious	Not serious	Serious	None	⊕⊖⊖⊖ (c) Very low
Patient outcomes
5	Serious	Serious	Not serious	Serious	None	⊕⊖⊖⊖ (d) Very low
Clinical practice outcomes
4	Serious	Very serious	Not serious	Serious	None	⊕⊖⊖⊖ (e) Very low
Organisation of care
2	Very serious	Very serious	Not serious	Not serious	None	⊕⊖⊖⊖ (f) Very low