Table 1.

Effects of psychoactive cannabinoids on behavioral and neurochemical paradigms of drug addiction

Effect	Reference
Behavioral studies
Discriminative stimulus in pigeons, rodents, and monkeys	Jarbe et al., 1976; Wiley et al., 1995
Intracranial self-stimulation	Gardner et al., 1988
Induction of conditioned place preference	Valjent and Maldonado, 2000; Navarro et al., 2001
Self-administration in rodents and monkeys	Martellota et al., 1998; Tanda et al., 2000;Fattore et al., 2001
Behavioral sensitization and cross-sensitization with psychostimulants and opiates	Gorriti et al., 1999; Cadoni et al., 2001; Pontieri et al., 2001
Induction of dependence and cannabinoid withdrawal	Pertwee et al., 1993; Aceto et al., 1996; Rodriguez de Fonseca et al., 1997; Hutcheson et al., 1998
Loss of cannabinoid actions in cannabinoid CB1 receptor knock-out mice	Ledent et al., 1999; Zimmer et al., 1999
Neural correlates
General role for CB1 receptors in reinforcement and relapse	Martin et al., 2000; De Vries et al., 2001; Navarro et al., 2001
Acute activation of mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons	French et al., 1997
Decline of dopaminergic activity after withdrawal	Diana et al., 1998
Cooperation with endogenous opioids	Tanda et al., 1997; Valverde et al., 2000; Navarro et al., 2001
Modulation of corticotropin-releasing factor and recruitment of stress systems during withdrawal	Rodriguez de Fonseca et al., 1997