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Schematized view of part of the male zebra finch showing the two high vocal centers (HVC), and the motor output pathway of one side to nucleus robustus of the archistriatum (RA), the tracheosyringeal portion of the hypoglossal nucleus (nXII ts), and the muscles of the syrinx. Denervation involved unilateral or bilateral removal of a long segment of the ts nerve from the length of the trachea.
