Table 1.

Description of Included Studies

Study Year Country	Sample n	Methodology	Inclusion Criteria	Time of BMI Determination and Classification	Induction Method Used and Dosage Schedule	Labor Induction Protocol	Definition of Onset of Active Labor	Study Outcomes
Anabusi et al20 2016 Israel	181	Cohort study	Singleton, cephalic, intact membranes, term (≥ 37 wk gestation), with an unfavorable cervix, planning induction	Hospital admission	Cook or Foley catheter	Catheter remained in place for up to 12 h	4 cm	Time from device insertion to birth
					Prostaglandins (if first attempt was unsuccessful)	Ripening continued to Bishop score increase of 2 points or >3 cm dilation		Successful cervical ripening
								Cesarean birth rate
								Maternal and neonatal adverse events
Beckwith et al22 2017 United States	709	Retrospective cohort	Singleton, live birth, nonanomalous fetus/newborn, induced labor	Hospital admission	Misoprostol 25 mcg	Ripening continued to Bishop score >5	6 cm	Primary: failure to achieve active labor
					Foley bulb inflated to 30 mL, accompanied by oxytocin			Secondary: cesarean birth rate, doses of misoprostol used, need for protocol deviation
Gauthier et al23 2012 France	285	Retrospective cohort with matching	Singleton, cephalic, live birth, term (>37 wk gestation), one previous cesarean, no contraindications to vaginal birth, Bishop score <6, >18 y of age	First prenatal visit	Dinoprostone 10 mg for 12 h if Bishop score <3 or 1 mg if Bishop score 4–6	Ripening to Bishop score of >6	Bishop score >6	Primary: first cervical ripening attempt unsuccessful
						Continuing for up to 3 days
Lassiter et al24 2016 United States	329	Retrospective cohort	All women undergoing induction at the research site, gestational age ≥37 wk, Bishop score <5	Hospital admission	Misoprostol 25 mcg	Ripening continued until favorable cervix; then oxytocin was started	Favorable cervix	Primary: time to birth
					Oxytocin 1 milliunit per min, increased 1–2 milliunits every 30 min			Secondary: number of doses of misoprostol, duration of oxytocin, cesarean birth
Maeder et al28 2017 United States	280	Retrospective cohort	Singleton, cephalic, documented weight and height at initiation of prenatal care and labor admission, labor induction, oxytocin	Hospital admission	Oxytocin at 1–2 milliunits per min, increased every 15–30 min	Cervical ripening to 3–4 cm	Not reported	Primary: total oxytocin
								Secondary: length of labor, method of birth
						Oxytocin per protocol 1–2 milliunits, maybe increased every 15–30 min
Melamed et al25 2010 Israel	488	Retrospective cohort	Singleton, cephalic, one previous cesarean, no contraindication for vaginal birth	First prenatal visit	Dinoprostone 3 mg	Ripening continued until Bishop score >7	Bishop score ≥7	Primary: failure of cervical ripening with prostaglandin
					Oxytocin 2.5 milliunits per min, increased by 2.5 milliunits per min every 20 min
						Oxytocin if prostaglandin unsuccessful
O’Dwyer et al27 2013 Ireland	1927	Prospective cohort	Singleton pregnancy in the first trimester, Northern European race, >18 y of age, no gestational diabetes mellitus	On enrollment (in the first trimester)	Prostaglandin and oxytocin	Ripening continued to favorable cervix	Favorable cervix	Primary: mode of birth, obstetric outcomes
						Induction of labor with amniotomy then oxytocin
Pevzner et al21 2009 United States	1273	Cohort study	Singleton pregnancy, ≥36 wk gestation, ≥ 18 y of age, low parity (≤3 previous births)	Hospital admission	Misoprostol 100 or 50 mcg	Ripening protocol continued for 24 h or until active labor	4 cm	Primary: active labor
								Secondary: total oxytocin for induction, birth in <24 h, type of birth
					Dinoprostone 10 mcg42
Roloff et al26 2015 United States	413	Retrospective cohort	Viable pregnancy with a singleton, cephalic at term (37–42 wk gestation)	Hospital admission	Cook or Foley catheter	Cervical ripening agent administered every 4–6 h as needed at the discretion of the attending physician	6 cm	Primary: cumulative oxytocin needed for vaginal birth
					Prostaglandins (if first attempt was unsuccessful)
Vinturache et al19 2014 Canada	1996	Retrospective cohort	Term singleton pregnancies, participation in All Our Babies cohort study	On enrollment (before 25 wk gestation)	Misoprostol 25 mcg Foley bulb inflated to 30 mL, accompanied by oxytocin use	No timing of interventions or Bishop score reported	Not reported	Primary: type of birth Secondary: obstetric outcomes

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.