Table 2.
Point prevalence surveys in pediatrics.
| Continent and Countries | World Bank Classification | Author Name and Date | Settings | PPS Method | PPS Protocol | Study Duration | HAIs (%)* | Top Three Types of Infections (%)* | Top Three types of microorganisms (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EUROPE | |||||||||||||
| 29 Countries [101] | HI | Zingget al., 2017 | 1149 hospitals | Period | ECDC | May 2011-November 2012 | 726/17273 (4.2%) | Bloodstream infections (45%) | Lower respiratory infections (22.0%) | Gastronintestinal infection (8.0%) | Enterobacteriacea (15.0%) | - | - |
| Russia [102] | UMI | Hajdu et al., 2007 | 1 hospital | One day | HELICS | February 2006 | 60/395 (15.1%) | Upper respiratory tract infections (45.0%) | Lower respiratory tract infections (19.0%) | Urinary tract infections (12.0%) | - | - | - |
| ASIA | |||||||||||||
| Vietnam [103] | LMI | Le et al., 2016 | ICUs | One day/once in a month | ECDC | October 2012- September 2013 | 454/1363 (33.3%) | Pneumonia (65.2%) | Blood stream infections (26.1%) | Surgical site infections (2.0%) | Klebseilla pneumonia (19.0%) | Pseudomonas species (18.0%) | Acinetobacter species (15.0%) |
| Turkey [14] | UMI | Kepenekliet al., 2015 | 50 ICUs | One day | CDC | September 2012 | 122/327 (37.3%) | Lower respiratory tract infections (55.3%) | Blood stream infections (27.3%) | Urinary tract infections (7.1%) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24.0%) | Acinetobacter species (15.0%) | Candida species (7.0%) |
| AMERICA | |||||||||||||
| Canada [94] | HI | Rutledge-Taylor et al., 2012 | 30 hospitals | One day | CDC | 3 February 2009 | 118/1353 (8.7%) | Bloodstream infections (30.6%) | Pneumonia (16.1%) | Viral gastroenteritis (13.7%) | Coagulase negative staphylococcus (47.4%) | Pseudomonas aeroginosa (35.0%) | Candida species (30.8%) |
| Canada [11] | HI | Gravel et al., 2007 | 25 hospitals | One day | CNISP | February 5 – February 8 2001 | 80/997 (8.0%) | Blood stream infections (37.5%) | Pneumonia (26.2%) | Urinary tract infections (12.5%) | Coagulase negative staphylococcus (NA) | Gram negative bacteria (NA) | Gram positive bacteria (NA) |
| US [104] | HI | Grohskopfet al., 2002 | 31 hospitals | One day | Own | August 1999 | 61/512 (11.9%) | Bloodstream infections (41.3%) | Respiratory tract infections (22.6%) | Urinary tract infections (13.3%) | Coagulase negative staphylococcus (19.5%) | Enterococcus (12.2%) | Staphylococcus aureus (11.0%) |
| US [105] | HI | Sohn et al., 2001 | 29 Neonatal intensive care units | One day | Own | 9 August 2000 | 94/827 (11.3%) | Bloodstream infections (52.6%) | Respiratory tract infections (12.9%) | Urinary tract infections (8.6%) | Coagulase negative staphylococcus (31.6%) | Enterococci (10.3%) | E.coli (8.5%) |
*Percentages of total infections, E.coli = Escherichia coli, N/A = Not Available, LMI = low and low middle-income country, HI = High-Income country, UMI = Upper middle-income country, CDC = Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, ECDC = European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, HELICS = Hospital in Europe Link for Infection Control through Surveillance, CNISP = Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Programs