Table 3.

Quality assessment of included articles.

	Selection				Comparability	Outcomes
Studies	Representatives of sampleA	Sample sizeB	Non-respondentsC	Ascertainment of exposureD	Based on design and analysisE	Assessment of outcomesF	Statistical testG	Quality score
Deptula et al., 2017 [44]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Sticchi et al., 2017 [45]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Swissnoso, 2017 [46]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Klavs et al., 2016 [47]	*	*	-	**	*	**	*	8
Lusignani et al., 2016 [48]	*	*	-	*	**	**	-	7
Roche et al., 2016 [49]	*	*	-	*	*	**	-	6
Stefkovicova et al., 2015 [50]	*	*	-	*	**	**	-	7
Milliani et al., 2015 [51]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Katrien et al., 2014 [53]	*	*	-	**	**	**	-	8
Katrien et al., 2014 [52]	*	*	-	**	**	**	*	9
Erdam et al., 2014 [54]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Sinatra et al., 2013 [55]	*	*	-	*	*	**	*	7
Smiddy et al., 2013 [56]	*	*	-	*	*	**	*	7
Behnke et al., 2013 [57]	*	*	-	**	**	**	*	9
Carl Suetens et al., 2013 [58]	*	*	-	**	**	**	*	9
Zarb et al., 2012 [13]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Heudorf et al., 2012 [59]	*	*	-	*	*	**	*	7
Coello et al., 2011 [60]	*	*	-	*	*	**	-	6
Lietard et al., 2011 [61]	*	*	-	*	**	**	-	7
Alexopoulos et al., 2011 [62]	*	*	-	*	**	**	-	7
Hopkins et al., 2011 [63]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Cairns et al., 2011 [64]	*	*	-	*	*	**	*	7
Cairns et al., 2010 [65]	*	*	-	*	*	**	*	7
Gordts et al., 2010 [66]	*	*	-	**	*	**	*	8
Lanini et al., 2009 [67]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Vincet et al., 2009 [68]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Patte et al., 2005 [69]	*	*	-	*	*	**	*	7
Lizioli et al., 2003 [70]	*	*	-	*	**	**	-	7
Starakis et al., 2002 [71]	*	*	-	*	**	**	-	7
Gikas et al., 2002 [72]	*	*	-	**	*	**	*	9
Group et al., 2000 [73]	*	*	-	**	**	**	*	9
Pittet et al., 1999 [74]	*	*	-	**	**	**	*	9
Vincent et al., 1995 [75]	*	*	-	**	**	**	-	8
Chen et al., 2017 [76]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Nair et al., 2017 [77]	*	*	-	**	*	**	*	8
Cai et al., 2017 [78]	*	*	-	*	*	**	*	7
Liu et al., 2016 [79]	*	*	-	**	**	**	*	9
Zhang et al., 2016 [80]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Phu et al., 2016 [81]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Morioka et al., 2015 [82]	*	*	-	**	**	**	*	9
Kumar et al., 2014 [83]	*	*	-	*	**	**	-	7
Tao et al., 2014 [84]	*	*	-	**	**	**	*	9
Xie et al., 2013 [85]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Askarian et al., 2012 [86]	*	*	-	*	*	**	*	7
Thu et al., 2011 [87]	*	*	-	**	*	**	*	8
Ider et al., 2010 [88]	*	*	-	*	*	**	*	7
Xie et al., 2010 [12]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Lee et al., 2007 [89]	*	*	-	*	*	**	*	7
Balkhy et al., 2006 [90]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Danchaivijitret al., 2005 [91]	*	*	-	*	**	**	-	7
Hughes et al., 2005 [92]	*	*	-	**	**	**	*	9
Esen et al., 2004 [93]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Taylor et al., 2016 [106]	*	*	-	*	*	**	*	7
Magill et al., 2012 [95]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Magill et al., 2014 [96]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Gravel et al., 2007 [97]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Rezende et al., 1998 [98]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Yallew et al., 2016 [99]	*	*	-	**	**	**	*	9
Kallel et al., 2005 [100]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Zingg et al., 2017 [101]	*	*	-	*	*	**	*	7
Hajdu et al., 2007 [102]	*	*	-	*	*	**	*	7
Le et al., 2016 [103]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Kepenekli et al., 2015 [14]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Rutledge-Taylor et al., 2012 [94]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Gravel et al., 2007 [11]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Grohskopf et al., 2002 [104]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8
Sohn et al., 2001 [105]	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8

A: * = truly representative of average in target population or somewhat representative of average in target population

B: * = justified or satisfactory, – = not justified

C: * = satisfactory response rate, – = unsatisfactory or no description

D: ** = validated measurement tool, * = nonvalidated measurement tool, – = no description of measurement tool

E: ** = confounding factors, *incomplete information, – = no information

F: ** = independent-blinded assessment or record linkage, * = self-report, – = no description

G: * = Yes, – = No