Table 2.

The nano-scale particles applied for OA therapy.

Drugs	Carriers	Particle size	Model	Results	Ref.
Curcumin	PLGA	100–200 nm	Mono-iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in rats	Nanocurcumin prevented the articular cartilage changes	Niazvand et al. (2017)
KGN	Chitosan nanoparticles	150 ± 39nm	ACLT OA rat	Sustained release of kartogenin and less degenerative changes compared with free KGN	Kang et al. (2014)
KGN	Pluronic-chitosan nanoparticle	395 nm	ACLT and DMM OA rat model	Suppressed the progression of OA in treated rats, further decreased with cold treatment	Kang et al. (2016)
KAFAK	PEGylated Poly(NIPAM)	200–500 nm	Ex vivo inflammatory of bovine cartilage plugs	Decrease IL-6 production	McMasters et al. (2017)
KAFAK	Poly(NIPAm-AMPS)	100–400 nm	IL-1β stimulated inflammationexvivo	Reduce the production of IL-6	Bartlett et al. (2013)
Texas Red(dye)	Avidin	7 nm	Health rat	Penetrate the full articular cartilage within 6 h, and stay up to 7 days	Bajpayee et al. (2014)
Dexamethasone	Avidin, PEG	Not reported	Cytokine-induced catabolism	Avidin-DEX conjugates had the most remarkable bioactivity	Bajpayee et al. (2016)
Diacerein	ChS modified SLN	300–500 nm	Sodium iodoacetate induced osteoarthritis rat model	Increased chondrocyte regeneration	Jain et al. (2014)
FITC	PCL-PEO and dextran	∼100 nm	Health rat	70% of the NPs retained in the joint for 1 week	Morgen et al. (2013)
Dexamethasone	Avidin	Not reported	Anterior cruciate ligament transection in rabbits	Highly reduced joint inflammation by ∼49%	Bajpayee et al. (2017)
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist	Self-assembling nanoparticles with block copolymer	270± 5 nm	In vitro rabbit synoviocytes In vivo healthy rat	increased whole joint retention of IL-1Ra	Whitmire et al. (2012)
GFP-mASOs	PEGylated carbon nanotube	20 × 100 nm	DMM OA model	Enhanced retention up to 14 days	Sacchetti et al. (2014)
Near infrared dye	HA-coated Albumin nanoparticles	108.1± 5.9nm	In vitro chondrocytes	Improved chondrocyte uptake of the loaded drug	Chen et al. (2013)