Effect of minocycline on MPTP-induced striatal dopaminergic fiber loss. In saline-injected control mice treated without (A) or with (B; 45 mg/kg twice daily) minocycline, there are a high density of striatal TH-positive fibers. MPTP (18 mg/kg for 4 injections) reduces the density of striatal TH-positive fibers (C) 7 d after the last injection. In mice treated with both MPTP and minocycline, there is also a noticeable striatal TH-positive fiber loss (D). At a lower MPTP dosage (16 mg/kg for 4 injections), loss of TH-positive structures is less (E) and minocycline protection is obvious (F). Scale bar, 1 mm. Bar graph shows striatal TH-positive optical density (G) assessed under the various experimental conditions (F(5,33) = 41.475;p < 0.001). *p < 0.05, fewer than saline-injected or minocycline-injected control mice. #p > 0.05, same as MPTP-injected mice. **p < 0.05, more than MPTP-injected mice but fewer than control mice. Values are means ± SEM (n= 6–8 per group).