Table 1. Patient characteristics at the time of E. coli bloodstream infection episodes.
| DESCRIPTION | ESBL-producing E. coli episodes N = 136 n (%) |
Non-ESBL-producing E. coli episodes N = 319 n (%) |
Univariate OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male gender | 73 (53.7) | 196 (61.4) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) |
| Male: female ratio | 1.2:1 | 1.6:1 | |
| Age category | |||
| ≤12 months | 92 (67.7) | 212 (66.5) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) |
| 13–60 months | 30 (22.1) | 79 (24.8) | |
| >60 months | 14 (10.3) | 28 (8.8) | |
| HIV status | |||
| Infected | 23 (16.9) | 51 (16.0) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.8) |
| Not infected | 96 (70.6) | 233 (73.0) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) |
| Status unknown | 17 (12.5) | 35 (11.0) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.2) |
| Hospitalization in the preceding 12 months | 98 (72.1) | 102 (32.0) | 5.5 (3.5, 8.5) |
| Hospitalization in preceding 28 days | 97 (71.3) | 90 (28.2) | 6.3 (4.1, 9.9) |
| Underweight for age | |||
| Moderate (WAZ <-2 to >- 3 SD) | 24 (17.6) | 52 (16.3) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) |
| Severe (WAZ <-3 SD) | 51 (37.5) | 90 (28.2) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.3) |
| Temperature ≥38 o C | 119 (87.5) | 246 (77.1) | 2.1 (1.2, 3.7) |
| Selective antibiotic exposure in the preceding 12 months | |||
| 3rd generation cephalosporin (IV) | 54 (39.7) | 59 (18.5) | 2.9 (1.9, 4.5) |
| Fluoroquinolones (IV or oral) | 45 (33.1) | 41 (12.9) | 3.4 (2.1, 5.4) |
| Carbapenems (IV) | 58 (42.7) | 52 (15.5) | 3.8 (2.4, 6.0) |
| Aminoglycosides (IV) | 96 (70.6) | 98 (30.7) | 5.4 (3.5, 8.4) |
| Piperacillin-tazobactam (IV) | 71 (52.2) | 58 (18.2) | 4.9 (3.2, 7.6) |
| Exposure to 2 or more selective antibiotics/antibiotic classes in the preceding 12 months• | 90 (28) | 90 (66) | 5.0 (3.2, 7.7) |
| Currently resident in an intermediate level health care facility | 8 (5.9) | 3 (0.9) | 6.6 (1.7, 25.2) |
| Immunosuppressive therapy for >30 days* | 26 (19.1) | 23 (7.2) | 3.0 (1.7, 5.6) |
| Underlying chronic illness other than HIV infection | 32 (23.5) | 22 (6.9) | 4.2 (2.3, 7.5) |
ESBL = extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing; IQR = interquartile range; BSI = bloodstream infection; WAZ = weight-for-age Z score; SD = standard deviation, IV = intravenous
• Selective antibiotics/antibiotic classes restricted to 3rd cephalosporins, fluroquinolones, carbapenems, aminoglycosides and piperacillin-tazobactam
* includes all forms of immunosuppressive therapy, and glucocorticosteroids use for the preceding 3 months.