Table 2. Annual odds ratios for risk factors associated with carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Zhejiang Province, China, 2015–2017*.
| Characteristics | 2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |||
| District | ||||||||
| Jiaxing | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||||
| Hangzhou | 3.22 (2.85–3.63) | <0.001 | 2.83 (2.52–3.19) | <0.001 | 2.10 (1.91–2.31) | <0.001 | ||
| Huzhou | 1.42 (1.16–1.75) | 0.001 | 1.68 (1.41–2.00) | <0.001 | 1.92 (1.55–2.38) | <0.001 | ||
| Ningbo | 2.23 (1.94–2.56) | <0.001 | 2.16 (1.89–2.47) | <0.001 | 1.85 (1.64–2.07) | <0.001 | ||
| Taizhou | 1.97 (1.65–2.36) | <0.001 | 1.50 (1.29–1.75) | <0.001 | 1.77 (1.51–2.07) | <0.001 | ||
| Zhoushan | 3.24 (2.63–4.00) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.46–2.18) | <0.001 | 1.61 (1.31–1.97) | <0.001 | ||
| Wenzhou | 4.30 (3.75–4.94) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.18–1.65) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.40–1.80) | <0.001 | ||
| Quzhou | 2.99 (2.48–3.61) | <0.001 | 1.81 (1.53–2.14) | <0.001 | 1.25 (1.09–1.45) | 0.002 | ||
| Jinhua | 1.77 (1.51–2.08) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.85–1.15) | 0.893 | 1.24 (1.09–1.40) | 0.001 | ||
| Shaoxing | 2.09 (1.77–2.47) | <0.001 | 1..47 (1.26–1.71) | <0.001 | 1.10 (0.96–1.25) | 0.165 | ||
| Lishui |
1.90 (1.59–2.27) |
<0.001
|
|
1.11 (0.89–1.39) |
0.345 |
|
0.62 (0.49–0.79) |
<0.001
|
| Specimen type | ||||||||
| Urine | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||||
| Blood | 1.23 (0.99–1.53) | 0.067 | 1.68 (1.35–2.08) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.66–1.77) | 0.001 | ||
| Sputum |
1.87 (1.66–2.96) |
<0.001
|
|
1.97 (1.76–2.22) |
<0.001
|
|
2.13 (1.90–2.39) |
<0.001
|
| Patient age, y | ||||||||
| 0–2 | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||||
| 3–9 | 0.93 (0.58–1.49) | 0.764 | 0.83 (0.56–1.23) | 0.362 | 1.06 (0.73–1.54) | 0.768 | ||
| 10–19 | 1.66 (0.99–2.48) | 0.055 | 1.23 (0.84–1.80) | 0.295 | 1.57 (1.08–2.29) | 0.018 | ||
| 20–39 | 3.51 (2.48–4.97) | <0.001 | 2.28 (1.70–3.06) | <0.001 | 2.62 (1.95–3.55) | <0.001 | ||
| 40–59 | 3.93 (2.82–5.48) | <0.001 | 2.57 (1.95–3.39) | <0.001 | 3.09 (2.33–4.10) | <0.001 | ||
| >60 |
4.34 (3.13–6.02) |
<0.001
|
|
2.83 (2.15–3.71) |
<0.001
|
|
3.24 (2.45–4.27) |
<0.001
|
| Quarter | ||||||||
| Jul–Sep | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||||
| Jan–Mar | 2.11 (1.46–3.03) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.17–1.44) | <0.001 | 1.90 (1.75–2.07) | <0.001 | ||
| Apr–Jun | NA | NA | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 0.136 | 1.56 (1.42–1.70) | <0.001 | ||
| Oct–Dec |
NA |
NA |
|
1.28 (1.15–1.43) |
<0.001
|
|
1.21 (1.11–1.31) |
<0.001
|
| Hospital level† | ||||||||
| 2B | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||||
| 2A | 1.36 (0.71–2.63) | 0.355 | 1.46 (0.96–2.20) | 0.073 | 1.84 (1.11–3.04) | 0.016 | ||
| 3B | 1.13 (0.59–2.18) | 0.712 | 0.95 (0.63–1.44) | 0.819 | 1.35 (0.82–2.25) | 0.239 | ||
| 3A |
1.93 (1.01–3.71) |
0.044
|
|
1.10 (0.72–1.68) |
0.653 |
|
1.58 (0.95–2.63) |
3.175 |
| Type of patient | ||||||||
| Outpatient | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||||
| Inpatient, ward | 1.15 (1.01–1.31) | 0.039 | ||||||
| Non-ICU | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||||
| ICU | 2.60 (2.42–2.79) | <0.001 | 2.66 (2.49–2.85) | <0.001 | 2.57 (2.38–2.78) | <0.001 | ||
*Isolates from patients with missing values on the variables are not included in the analysis. Bold text indicates statistical significance. NA, not available; OR, odds ratio. †Hospital classification is performed by the National Health Commission of China on the basis of the number of beds and comprehensive evaluation scores. Comprehensive evaluation covers the number of departments, staffing levels, management, technical level, work quality, and supporting facilities. Class 3 hospitals have >500 beds, class 2 hospitals have 100–499 beds. Grade levels are given on the basis of scores from a comprehensive evaluation; grade A hospitals received >900 points, grade B hospitals received 750–899 points.