Table 2. Reduced model of the effects of maternal and offspring early adversity on offspring survival during early life (R² = 0.07).

Generation	Parameter*	Coefficient	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value	Interpretation
Maternal	Maternal Loss	0.37	1.44 (1.10–1.90)	0.009	Offspring survive less well if their mother experienced maternal loss during her early life.
	Close-in-age Younger Sibling	0.35	1.42 (1.06–1.90)	0.018	Offspring survive less well if their mother had a close-in-age younger sibling during her early life.
Offspring	Maternal Loss	0.68	1.98 (1.53–2.56)	3 × 10−7	Offspring survive less well if they experienced maternal loss within four years of their birth.
	Low Maternal Rank	0.43	1.54 (1.17–2.01)	0.002	Offspring survive less well if they were born to a low-ranking mother.

^*An alternative model that considered cumulative maternal adversity was not a better or worse fit than the reduced multivariate maternal adversity model (see Supplementary file 1 Table S6. For both the model presented here and that in Supplementary file 1 Table S6, R² = 0.07, log likelihood = −1598).