Fig. 3: Hierarchical organization in tissues.

A) self-similar brain convolutions during gestational development [reproduced with permission from³⁶]. B) Lung branching in embryonic chicken forms at precise locations that scale relative to the size of the organ [reproduced with permission from³⁷]. C) Collagen fibrils and bundles follow self-similar fibrous structure across scales [reproduced with permission from³⁸]. D) Bone tissue with up to 12 (I to XII) levels of fractal organization based on collagen fibrils and mineral aggregates [reproduced with permission from³⁹]. E) Hierarchical fibrillar structure of cardiac tissue from actin-myosin filaments, myofilaments, myofibrils, myocytes, and muscle fibers [reproduced with permission from⁴⁰].